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Mutation: Any change or error in DNA

Mutation: Any change or error in DNA. What determines whether mutations are passed on to offspring?. If mutations occur in reproductive cells, the altered gene will become part of the genetic makeup of the offspring.

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Mutation: Any change or error in DNA

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  1. Mutation:Any change or error in DNA What determines whether mutations are passed on to offspring?

  2. If mutations occur in reproductive cells, the altered gene will become part of the genetic makeup of the offspring. • If mutations occur in somatic cells (body cells), the mutation will not be passed on.

  3. Mutagen: any agent that causes a change in DNA • Radiation such as ultraviolet light, X rays, or gamma radiation • Chemicals including asbestos, benzene, formaldehyde, nicotine

  4. mutated base I. Point Mutation • A change in a single base pair in DNA

  5. Substitution mutation GGTCACCTCACGCCA ↓ CCAGUGGAGUGCGGU ↓ Pro-Arg-Glu-Cys-Gly A. Substitution: one base is changed to another Normal gene GGTCTCCTCACGCCA ↓ CCAGAGGAGUGCGGU Codons ↓ Pro-Glu-Glu-Cys-Gly Amino acids

  6. Substitution mutation causing sickle cell anemia

  7. B. Insertion: one base is added A frameshift mutation, because it shifts the reading of codons by one base Normal gene GGTCTCCTCACGCCA ↓ CCAGAGGAGUGCGGU Codons ↓ Pro-Glu-Glu-Cys-Gly Amino acids Insertion mutation GGTCTGCCTCACGCCA ↓ CCAGACGGAGUGCGGU ↓ Pro-Asp-Gly-Val-Arg

  8. C. Deletion: one base is deleted Also a frameshift mutation Normal gene GGTCTCCTCACGCCA ↓ CCAGAGGAGUGCGGU Codons ↓ Pro-Glu-Glu-Cys-Gly Amino acids Deletion mutation GGTC CCTCACGCCA ↓ CCAG GGAGUGCGGU ↓ Pro-Gly-Ser-Ala-

  9. Question: Which type of mutation would have a greater effect on the sequence of amino acids in a protein, a substitution mutation or a deletion mutation? Explain

  10. II. Chromosomal Mutations • Occur during mitosis or meiosis; parts of chromosomes break off and are lost or rejoin incorrectly. • Pictures p. 321

  11. Deletion: Part of a chromosome is left out • Duplication: part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid.

  12. C. Inversion: part of a chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards D. Translocation: part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome

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