Subjunctive Mood Review

1. Latin III Subjunctive Mood Review

2. Subjunctive Mood Review • The grammatical term “mood” is used to describe the “manner” of expressing a verbal action or state of being. • There are 3 “moods” in Latin: • Indicative – which “indicates” a real action that is occurring in the present, past, or future. • Imperative – which “commands” someone to do something. • Subjunctive – which shows action that is tentative, hypothetical, ideal, or even unreal. • The term “subjunctive” indicates a subordinate clause which is sub-joined to the main clause of a sentence. • In Latin the subordinate clause is often sub-joined using a verb in the subjunctive mood. • The subjunctive case expresses what may happen or what might have happened.

3. Subjunctive Mood Review • Example of subjunctive mood in English: • If the other student were here, he would be taking notes. • In this conditional sentence, which imagines events that are contrary to actual facts, English employs the use of “were” and “would” to indicate that the action described is only ideal. • Other auxiliaries used in English to describe potential or hypothetical action are: “may”, “might”, “should”, “would”, “may have”, “would have”, etc. • Latin employs the subjunctive much more often than English, but it employs the use of subjunctive verb forms rather than these auxiliaries.

4. Subjunctive Mood Review • There are only 4 tenses in the subjunctive mood: the present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. • In Unit 3, you were introduced to the pluperfect and imperfect tenses of the subjunctive mood. • Although the rules for forming the present subjunctive vary for the 4 conjugations, the formation of the other 3 tenses of the subjunctive are the same for all 4 conjugations.

5. Subjunctive Mood Review Imperfect Subjunctive = infinitive + regular tense endings *Notice the change from “o” to “m” in the 1st person singular.

6. Subjunctive Mood Review Imperfect Subj. of Sum= infinitive + regular tense endings 4 principal parts of sum = Sum, esse, fui, futurum – to be Infinitive of sum

7. Subjunctive Mood Review Pluperfect Subjunctive = perfect stem+ imperfect subjunctive of sum slightly respelled; i.e., initial e- becomes –i.

8. Subjunctive Mood Review Pluperfect Subjunctive of Sum = perfect stem+ imperfect subjunctive of sum slightly respelled; i.e., initial e- becomes –i. 4 principal parts of sum = Sum, esse, fui, futurum – to be Perfect tense of sum

9. Uses of the Subjunctive • With cum (meaning when) • Iudaei, cum consiliumEleazariaudivissent, libenterconsenserunt. • When the Jews had heard Eleazar’s plan, they willingly agreed. • Agricola, cum legioneminspexisset, militescenturionesquelaudavit. • When Agricola had inspected the legion, he praised the soldiers & the centurions. • Cum haruspex in templocenaret, rex ipse appropinquabat. • When the soothsayer was dining in the temple, the king himself was approaching.

10. Uses of the Subjunctive • With cum (meaning when) • Fabri, cum pecuniamaccepissent, abierunt. • When the craftsmen had received the money, they left. • Fur, cum amuletum e fonteextraxisset, attonituserat. • When the thief had taken the amulet from the spring, he was astonished. • Iuvenis, cum omnesImperatoremspectarent, cultrumrapuit. • The young man grabbed a knife when everyone was watching the Emperor. • Ego, cum captivoscustodires, cenammagnificamconsumebam. • I was eating a magnificent dinner when you were guarding the prisoners.

11. Uses of the Subjunctive • Indirect Questions • Consul nesciebatquisarcumnovumaedificavisset. • The consul did not know who had built the new arch. • Me rogaverunt num satispecuniaehaberem. • They asked if me if I had enough money. • Incertierantutrum dux mortuus an vivusesset. (utrum – either/which of two) • They were uncertain whether the leader was dead or alive.

12. Uses of the Subjunctive • Indirect Questions • Incertuseram quam longumessetflumen. (compare this with the direct question: “quam longumestflumen?”) • I was unsure how long the river was. • Cognoscerevoluimus cur multitudoconvenisset. (compare this with the direct question: “cur multitudoconvenit?) • We wanted to find out why a crowd had gathered. • Equitesfeminasrogaverunt num fugitivosvidissent. (compare this with the direct question: “fugitivosnevidistis?”) • The horsemen asked the women whether they had seen the fugitives.

13. Uses of the Subjunctive • Indirect Questions • Nemosciebat num Memorlibertovenenumpraebuisset. • Noone knew whether Memor had provided poison to the freedman. • Romani nesciebantquothostes in castrismanerent. • The Romans did not know how many enemies remained in the camp. • Me rogavitutrum mater mea viveret an Pompeiisperiisset. • He asked me whether my mother was living or had died in Pompeii.

14. Uses of the Subjunctive • Indirect Questions are: • Subordinate clauses which report some question indirectly, i.e., not via a direct quotation (e.g., “they asked what Gaius was doing” vs. “they asked, ‘What is Gaius doing?’” • Type of question that uses a subjunctive verb as opposed to an infinitive verb. • Are easy to distinguish between other subjunctive clause types because they are introduced by some interrogative word such as quis/quid, qui/quae/quod, (i.e. the interogative adjective), quam, quando, cur, ubi, unde, uter, utrum…an (whether…or), -ne (attached to the clause’s first word, = whether), etc. • Finally, the verb in the main clause is ordinarily a verb of speech, mental activity, or sense perception.

15. Uses of the Subjunctive • Interrogatives that commonly introduce Indirect Questions are: • quis/quid – (indefinite pronoun) – anyone, anything, someone, something • qui/quae/quod (i.e. the interrogative adjective) – what? Which? What kind of? • quam (adverb) – how • quando– when? • cur – why • ubi– where? • unde – whence ( from what place) • uter, utrum…an (whether…or) • -ne (attached to the clause’s first word, = whether).

16. Uses of the Subjunctive • Purpose Clauses • Ad urbemiterfecimusutamphitheatrumvisitaremus. (using ut) •  We made a journey to the city to visit the amphitheater. Or • We traveled to the city in order to visit the amphitheater. • Nuntiosemisitquiprincipes ad aulamarcesserent . (using qui) • He sent out messengers who were to summon the chieftains to the palace. Or • He sent out messengers to summon the chieftains to the palace.

17. Uses of the Subjunctive • Purpose Clauses • Salvius locum quaerebatubiconspicuusesset. (using ubi) • Salvius was looking for a place where he might be conspicuous. • Centurioomnesportasclausit ne captivieffugerent. (using ne – is this a neg. or pos. purpose clause?) • The centurion closed all the gates so that the prisoners would not escape. • Myropnousianuamclausitpriusquammilitesintrarent. (using priusquam=before) • Myropnous closed the gate before the soldiers could enter. • Exspectabamdum amicus adveniret. (using dum=until) • I was waiting for my friend to arrive.

18. Uses of the Subjunctive • Purpose Clauses • Amici ad urbemfestinaveruntutauxiliumcivibusferrent. • The friends hurried to the city to bring help to the citizens. • Epistulamscripsiutlegatum de periculomonerem. • I wrote a letter to warn the commander about the danger. • Senator me arcessivitutremhospitibusnarrarem. • The senator summoned me in order to tell the thing/story to the guests. • DuascohorteselegitquaeQuintumquarerent. • He chose two cohorts who were to search for Quintus. Or He chose two cohorts to look for Quintus. (introduced by quae – relative pronoun; also the same interrogative adjective used with an indirect question)

19. Uses of the Subjunctive • Purpose Clauses • Captivosdiligenternumeravimusneerraremus. • We carefully counted the prisoners so that we would not make a mistake. (ne – makes it a negative purpose clause) • Ad castraceleriterregressusespriusquamlegatustevituperaret. • You quickly returned to the camp before the commander could curse you. • Imperator Salvium ad Britanniammisitundedivitiasremitteret. • The emperor sent Salvius to Britain to send back riches from that place. (unde – meaning “from whence”; hence “from that place”)

20. Uses of the Subjunctive • Purpose Clauses: • Subordinate clauses indicating the purpose or objective of the action in the main clause; e.g., “we study Latin to improve our English.” • When translated from Latin to English often employ the use of an infinitive (as seen above). • Often the subjunctive purpose clause is introduced by ut or ne (for a negative purpose clause). Example with ut: Hoc dicituteosiuvet. He says this to help them. or He says this so that he may help them. Example with ne: Discedit ne id audiat. He leaves in order not to hear it. or He leaves in order not to hear this.

21. Uses of the Subjunctive • Indirect Commands • DomitianusSalvioimperaveratutregnum Cogidubnioccuparet. (using ut) • Domitian had ordered Salvius to seize Cogidubnus’ kingdom. • Pueragricolamoravitneequumoccideret. (using ne – is this a neg. or pos. indirect command?) • The boy begged the farmer not to kill the horse. • Hateriusabamicismonitusest ne Salvioconfideret. • Haterius was warned by his friends not to believe Salvius.

22. Uses of the Subjunctive • Indirect Commands • NuntiusBritannispersuasitutdona ad aulamferrent. • The messenger persuaded the Brit0ns to bring gifts to the palace. • Dominus nobisimperavitutsellaslectosqueemeremus . • The master ordered us to buy chairs and couches. • SenexdeamSulamoravitutmorbumsanaret. • The old man prayed (special verb that takes the dative) to the goddess Sulis to heal his illness.

23. Uses of the Subjunctive • Indirect Commands • Feminaeorabantneliberisnoceremus. • The women were begging us not to harm their children. • Nonnerogatiestis ne comitesdeseretis? • Surely you were not asked to desert your companions?

24. Uses of the Subjunctive • Indirect Commands • Aka jussive noun clauses – “jussive” (from iubēre – to order) expresses a command or exhortation, especially in the 1st or 3rd persons (the imperative is usually used for the 2nd person). • Just like indirect questions, the command is not quoted verbatim but is reported indirectly with the use of a subordinate clause. • In Latin, such clauses are usually introduced by ut or ne and employ a subjunctive verb (usually present or imperfect). • In English, and therefore in translation, we ordinarily use a present infinitive with no introductory word. • Ex. Hortatusesteosut hoc facerent. He urged them to do this.

25. Uses of the Subjunctive • Result Clause • Tamperituserattibicenutomneseumlaudarent. (using ut) • The pipe-player was so skillful that everyone praised him. • Tantaeratmultitudouttotamaulamcompleret. • So great was the crowd that it filled the whole palace. • Modestuseratadeopulcherutpaucaepuellaeeiristerepossent. • Modestus was so handsome that few girls could resist him. • Agricola tot militesemisituthostesfugerent. • Agricola sent so many soldiers that the enemy fled.

26. Uses of the Subjunctive • Result Clause • Result clauses are always introduced by ut and have an introductory word in the main clause. • Introductory words include, ita, tam, sic (so) or the adjective, tantus or tot (so much, so great). The adverb, adeo (so greatly/ so much) is also often used. • If the clause describes something negative, it will contain a negative word (non, nihil, nemo, numquam, nullus vs. a negative purpose clause which is introduced by ne). • Purpose clauses answer the question “why is/was it being done? • Result clauses answer “what is/was the outcome?”

27. Uses of the Subjunctive • Result Clause • Tam diligentercarcaremcustodiviutlegatus ipse me laudaret. • I guarded the prison so diligently that the commander himself praised me. • Mercator tot villas habebatuteasnumerare non posset. •  The merchant had so many houses that he could not count them. • Tantuserattimoriuvenumutastrologocrederent. •  So great was the young men’s fear that they trusted the astrologer. • Hateriusadeocupiebatagellumaccipereutpretiumridiculumofferet. • Haterius wanted to receive the plot of land so greatly that he offered a ridiculous price. • Tantuserat clamor utnemoverba mea audiret. • The uproar was so loud that no one heard my words. • Tam celereserant naves ut ad insulam ante noctemperveniremus. • The ships were so swift that we reached/arrived at the island before night.

28. Understanding the Various Uses of the Subjunctive • To understand why a subjunctive is being used in a particular sentence, you must look at the whole sentence, not just the subjunctive by itself. • For example, examine these 2 sentences; one contains a purpose clause, the other a result clause…which is which? • Tam iratuserat Agricola utdormire non posset. • Agricola was so angry that he couldn’t sleep. • Belimicus per silvasquaerebatutQuintuminveniret. • Belimicus was looking through the woods to find Quintus.

29. Understanding the Various Uses of the Subjunctive 1. Translate 2. identify clause type 3. identify the tense of the subjunctive verb. • Libertus, cumvenenumbibisset, mortuusprocubuit. • When the freedman had drunk the poison, he fell over dead. • Cum clause = use “cum” • Pluperfect subj. • Tothostescastra nostra oppugnabantutde vitādesperaremus. • So many enemies were attacking our camp that we were fearing /despairing for our live(s). • Result clause = ut + introductory word in main clause • Imperfect subj. • Principes me rogaveruntcur pontemtransirevellem. • The chieftains asked me why I wanted to cross the bridge. • Indirect question = interrogative/question word + verb of mental activity or speech in main clause • imperfect • Gutta sub mensā se celavitutpericulumvitaret. • Gutta hid under the table to avoid the danger. • Purpose clause =often use ut and explains why an action is done • imperfect

30. Understanding the Various Uses of the Subjunctive • Centurionesmilitibusimperaveruntutplaustrareficerent. • The centurions ordered the soldiers to repair the carts. • Indirect command = ut + verb that implies a demand • Imperfect subj. • Cum ancillaepoculalavarent, quattuorequites ad tabernamadvenerunt. • When the slave girls were washing the cups, four horsemen arrived at the tavern. • Cum clause = use “cum” • Imperfect subj. • Adeoattonituseratfiliusmeusutdiuimmotusstaret. • My son was so astonished that he stood motionless for a long time. • Result clause = ut + introductory word in main clause • Imperfect subj. • Portascellarumaperuimusutamicos nostros liberaremus. • We opened the doors of the cells to free our friends. • Purpose clause =often use ut and explainswhy an action is done • Imperfect subj.

31. Understanding the Various Uses of the Subjunctive • Amicus me monuitutlaterem. • My friend warned/advised me to hide. • Indirect command • Imperfect subj. • Modestusexplicare non poterat quo modocaptivieffugissent. • Modestus was unable to explain how the captives had escaped. • Indirect question • Pluperfect sub. • Cum servivinumintulissent, Hateriussilentiumpoposcit. • When the slaves had brought the wine in, Haterius demanded silence. • Cum clause • Pluperfect subj. • Tanta eratfortitudoIudaeorumutperirepotius quam cederemallent. • So great was the courage of the Jews that they preferred to perish (rather) than to give in (concede). • Result clause • Imperfect subj.

32. Understanding the Various Uses of the Subjunctive • NemosciebatutrumHaterius an Salviusremadministravisset. • No one knew whether (utrum…an) Haterius or Salvius had managed the task/thing. • Indirect question • Pluperfect subj. • Uxor mihipersuasit ne hoc susciperem. • My wife persuaded me not to undertake this. • Indirect command • Imp. subj. • Extra carceremstabantdecemmilites qui captivoscustodirent. • Outside the prison were standing ten soldiers who were guarding captives. Or • Ten soldiers were standing outside the prison to guard the captives. • Purpose clause • Imperfect subj.