The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Mr. Hardy Randolph Middle School 7th Grade Humanities 2012-2013

2. The Industrial Revolution • What is the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution refers to a huge change in manufacturing methods that began in the 18th century. It refers to the effect that the use of machinery had on every aspect of humanity and our entire way of life.

3. Before the Industrial Revolution Manufacturing • As society got more complex, most people could not make what they needed themselves. They depended on specialized craftsmen and artisans. GUILD SYSTEM – Existed in Europe before the Industrial Revolution. Master Craftsmen trained for years to manufacture beautiful products. Production was slow and goods were expensive.

4. Before the Industrial Revolution • Domestic or Cottage Industry – One person specialized in one aspect of manufacturing a product. They usually worked from home, and the whole family helped. • Cottage Industry Textiles • A Cotton Cleaner • A Cotton Comber • A Spinning Operation • A Weaving Operation • A Dyeing Operation • Cutters Six different locations, and at least six different specialized workers. Advantages over Guild System – Lower costs & faster production

5. Cottage IndustrySpinning Operation in England

6. Disadvantages of Cottage Industry • Goods were scattered around at multiple locations. They had to be delivered, picked up when ready, and then moved to other locations for the next step in the process. This increased time and costs. • Small scale – since people were working out of their homes and farms, families were limited in how much they could do. This kept production low. • What is a better idea? • Put it all under one roof!

7. The Start of the Industrial Revolution – Phase 1 1750-1870 • The factory system put all steps of the manufacturing process in one location. • Used machinery which saved time and reduced costs. • Economies of scale - More could be produced, quicker and at less cost. • Factories had to have power and the most reliable source was water. • Using water power restricted where factories could be located. They had to be located along side rivers. The Industrial Revolution began in England about 1750, with the introduction of the Factory System. The factory system started in textile mills.

8. Cromford Mill The World’s First Successful Cotton MillBuilt in England in 1771

9. Why Did the Industrial Revolution Start In England? • Markets – England was a prosperous nation with overseas colonies. There was a lot of demand for goods. • Population – many skilled workers who designed the machines, entrepreneurs who invested money in factories, workers to fill the jobs. • What is an entrepreneur? A wealthy individual who is willing to risk capital or money by investing in a business, hoping to make a large profit.

10. Why Did the Industrial Revolution Start In England? • Resources – Land: Iron ore to make steel, lots of coal, good harbors, and colonies with raw materials • Good Government – Fair and stable, low taxes, encouraged investment and scientific research. • Summed up as Factors of Production – land, labor, and capital.

11. STEAM POWER • The real breakthrough in the Industrial Revolution came with the perfection of the first efficient steam engine by Scottish inventor James Watt in 1769. It started the British love affair with steam power. • The main advantage was portability. Steam engines could be set up anywhere. Factories no longer had to be near rivers. They could be located near the resources, workers, markets, or transportation hubs.

12. STEAM POWER • 1807 American Robert Fulton built the first steamboat. • 1815 British inventor George Stephenson built the first successful steam locomotive. • The impact of steam power cannot be underestimated. It literally changed the world. Travel times were reduced from days to hours, from months to days. Construction projects that were impossible, were now being done.

13. STEAM POWER The Great Western became the first ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean entirely under steam power. Between 1838 and 1840 she averaged 13 days, 9 hours between New York and Bristol, England. In 1829 Stephenson’s Rocket hit the incredible speed of 29 mph, while pulling cars. Women passengers fainted due to the high speed.

14. The Industrial Revolution Second Phase 1870 - Present • There have been more inventions in the years since 1870, than there were between the beginning of human history and 1870. • Steam power became obsolete, as new more efficient power sources, like electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and atomic energy became successful. Of all of these, electrical power has been by far the most important to the second phase of the industrial revolution

15. Write a Letter • Imagine you are the owner of a textile mill in England in 1848. Your mill is located in a small village, on a small river 45 miles north of London. You are writing to Mr. WellsleyPistlewaite, a wealthy entrepreneur. You would like him to invest in your company, by putting up the capital to buy two steam engines. How are you going to convince him? Why would he invest in steam? You must be persuasive as possible. It’s a lot of money. You better make your letter good. • Your business letter must be formal, with an address, and a salutation. • The body of the letter must be at least three paragraphs. • Remember, you are trying to convince him to invest in your company by putting out the money for steam engines. • Misspellings or grammatical mistakes will not impress him.

16. Results of the Industrial Revolution • Capitalism – the new production methods of the industrial revolution required large amounts of money, or capital. Money was needed to build factories, buy machines, buy raw materials, and pay workers. The entrepreneurs, or capitalists, who risked the money, controlled the production process. This economic system based on private capital is called capitalism.

17. Laissez-faire • In the late 1700’s as the Industrial Revolution grew, capitalists urged governments to quit regulating business. They wanted to manufacture and sell their goods free from government interference. This is known as laissez-faire, or to leave alone. • The policy of laissez-faire was very popular in the United States and Great Britain in the 19th century. It greatly aided the growth of industry. Companies became huge, with great amounts of capital. Owners replaced kings and rulers as the richest people in the world.

18. The Negative Side of the Industrial Revolution • Under laissez-faire, with out government regulation, companies were free to do what they wanted. Many of these things were negative. Negative aspects of laissez-faire. • Low wages. • Horrible working conditions. • Inferior goods. • Unfair competition • Monopolies • Environmental damage.

19. Unfair Labor Conditions • The worst aspect of the Industrial Revolution was the horrible labor conditions it created. • 1. Child labor – From age 5 children worked in factories and mines, often under extremely dangerous conditions. • 2. Low wages – factory owners paid the absolute minimum, often just barely enough to prevent starvation. • 3. Long hours –most people worked 16 hours a day, six days per week. • 4. Dangerous work – since work places were not regulated, many people, particularly women and children were killed and injured due to conditions in the factories and mines.

20. Unfair Labor Conditions Because of the demand for cheap labor during the Industrial Revolution Many children worked long hours for almost no pay, in mines and factories. Child labor laws beginning in the 19th century stopped this practice in the U.S. and Great Britain, but child labor still exists in many parts of the world.

21. Movements to Displace Capitalism In the 19th century, reformers urged that capitalism be replaced with a different economic system called socialism. What is socialism?

22. SOCIALISM • The government as representative of the people owns and operates major means of production, like farms, mines and factories and controls distribution. • The government determines the needs of the people and provides goods and services for the people to use. • The government plans the economy, decides what new industries to start, and allocates capital, workers, and raw materials.

23. SOCIALISM The trouble with socialism, is that eventually you run out of other people’s money. Margaret Thatcher – Former British P.M.

24. Movements to Displace Capitalism MARXISM • Karl Marx was the founder of “scientific socialism” in 1848. Marx used the term communist to define his ideal type of socialism. His writings form the basis for Marxian socialism or Marxism.

25. MARXISM The Basic Ideas Marxism or communism, can only be achieved by revolution or violent overthrow of the capitalistic government and economy. To protect the revolution, a Marxist government must be a dictatorship of the workers. It must suppress by any means, and capitalistic ideas or counterrevolutionary movements or ideas. Marxism requires government ownership and operation of all means of production and distribution- without exception.

26. MARXISM Those who read Marx are called Communists. Those who understand what they read, are called Anti-Communists.

27. Time to Reflect Look at the picture below. How do you think the person who made it feels about socialism? What reasons might they have to think Jesus was a socialist? Look at the picture below. What country is supposed to be represented? How do you think the person who made feels about socialism? Provide evidence to support your answers.

28. Assignment 1 • Read the primary source document entitled Factory Conditions: Using Conflicting Sources • Answer questions 1-4. • Answer questions in complete sentences and be as specific and detailed as possible.

29. Assignment 2Fill out the charts listing cause and effect. Some have been done for you as examples. CAUSE EFFECT 1. Better agri. = population growth = more demand. 2. 3. 4. 5 6 7 8 Railroads very important. Moved goods, people, and allowed towns to grow. • 1. Agricultural Revolution • 2. Abundant Natural Resources • 3. Political Stability • 4. Factors of production • 5. Technological advances • 6. Entrepreneurs • 7. Building of factories • 8. Railroad Boom