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Unit 2 Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE)

Explore the key concepts and teachings of Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, the influential ancient Chinese philosophies that shaped Chinese culture, society, and government during the Classical Era. Learn about the teachings of Confucius, Hanfeizi, and Laozi, and their impact on social order, moral values, and good governance.

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Unit 2 Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE)

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  1. Unit 2 Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE) THE CLASSICAL ERA! Key Concepts: 2.1 Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions 2.2 Development of States and Empires 2.3 Emergence of Trans-regional Networks of Communication and Exchange

  2. Ancient and Classical China

  3. Dynasties of Early China • 2500-2200 B.C.E. Yangshao society (Huang He River Valley Civilization) • 2200-1766 B.C.E. Xia dynasty • 1766-1122 B.C.E. Shang dynasty (first dynasty with written records) • 1028-256 B.C.E. Zhou dynasty • 403-221 B.C.E. Era of Warring States • Qin dynasty (221 B.C.E. – 210 B.C.E.) • Han dynasty (202 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.)

  4. The Zhou Dynasty (1028 B.C.E. – 256 B.C.E.) • Zhou leaders claimed the Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven. • The Zhou ruled a vast area of city-states and kingdoms run by local nobles (feudalism.) • During the Zhou period, roads were built, foreign trade increased, and horses were obtained from Central Asian nomads. • Irrigation and flood control systems were improved. • Method of silk-making developed. • The Zhou ruled longer than any other Chinese dynasty in history. • During this period, China became the most densely populated country in the world.

  5. Both Confucius (Kungfuzi) and Laozi, two important philosophers, lived during the late Zhou Dynasty. • By the end of the Zhou Dynasty, China was a highly developed and wealthy civilization compared to other civilizations at this time. However, China was still not politically unified. • There was a great deal of warfare and instability during the late Zhou (a.k.a. The Era of Warring States), thus scholars such as Confucius and Laozi reflected on what would create social harmony and balance.

  6. Classical Chinese Philosophies and Ethical Systems • Confucius (Kong Fuzi) was born in 551 B.C.E., during the late Zhou. • He lived during a time of social disorder, war, and change. • Confucius’s teachings were recorded by his students in the Analects. • Confucian philosophy is concerned with social order, morals, and good government • The Five Relationshipsset up a social order 1. father to son 2. elder brother to younger brother 3. Husband to wife 4. ruler to subject 5. friend to friend • Filial Piety – respect and obey parents • Leaders need to be virtuous and set a good example for their subjects • The Golden Rule Confucianism

  7. Sayings of Kungfuzi (Confucius) “What you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to others.” “Recognize that you know what you know, and that you are ignorant of what you do not know.” "To lead uninstructed people to war is to throw them away." "To see right and not to do it is cowardice." "An oppressive government is more to be feared than a tiger." “To be wronged is nothing unless you continue to remember it.”

  8. After Confucius himself, Mencius is considered the most famous Confucian scholar. He believed that human nature is inherently good, and that education and moral cultivation must awaken the innate abilities of the human mind. Mencius (c. 372 – 289 BCE)

  9. Confucianism was (and some would argue still is) the most influential philosophy in China, and laid the foundation for values, morals, and social structure. Confucianism also spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

  10. More Images of Confucius

  11. Legalism • Founded by Hanfeizi (d. 233 B.C.E) • Based on the belief that human nature is evil and selfish. • Believed social order was achieved through strict leadership and harsh rules and punishment. • This philosophy would greatly influence the emperor credited with uniting China, Qin Shihuangdi.

  12. Daoism • Founded by Laozi during the late Zhou Dynasty. • Laozi’s teachings are recorded in the Dao De Ching. • Believed social harmony and order could be achieved by following the “Way” (Dao) of nature. • Rejected formal social structure and the idea that people must fill specific roles in society. • Daoists believe in renouncing worldly ambitions to follow the path of least resistance, as nature does. For example, water flows around a rock; it doesn’t make the rock an obstacle. • Daoism influenced science, medicine, and the arts in China. Laozi (Master Lao)

  13. Statue of Laozi “Taoist Solitude”

  14. Sources from the Past • Laozi on Living in Harmony with Dao • Confucius on Good Government 1. What is Laozi’s advice to rulers? 2. What is Confucius’s advice to rulers? 3. According to Confucius, what is the most important thing for a leader to provide to the people? 4. What is the main contrast you notice between these two documents/philosophies?

  15. It’s time to play… Name that Ancient Chinese Philosopher!!

  16. “Wealth and rank are what men desire, but unless they be obtained in the right way they may not be possessed.”

  17. -Confucius Analects

  18. “To put the world in order, we must first put the nation in order; to put the nation in order, we must put the family in order; to put the family in order, we must cultivate our personal life; and to cultivate our personal life, we must first set our hearts right.”

  19. -Confucius Analects

  20. “To govern the state by law is to praise the right and blame the wrong.”

  21. -Hanfeizi (Legalism)

  22. A leader is best when people barely know that he exists, not so good when people obey and acclaim him, worst when they despise him. Fail to honor people, They fail to honor you. But of a good leader, who talks little, when his work is done, his aims fulfilled, they will all say, "We did this ourselves."

  23. -Laozi Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

  24. No country is permanently strong. Nor is any country permanently weak. If conformers to law are strong, the country is strong; if conformers to law are weak, the country is weak....

  25. -Hanfeizi (Legalism)

  26. Govern quietlyAnd the people will realizeThey are responsibleFor their own well-being.

  27. -Laozi Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

  28. A young man should serve his parents at home and be respectful to elders outside his home. He should be earnest and truthful, loving all, but become intimate with humaneness. After doing this, if he has energy to spare, he can study literature and the arts.

  29. -Confucius Analects

  30. The law does not fawn on the noble.... Whatever the law applies to, the wise cannot reject nor can the brave defy. Punishment for fault never skips ministers, reward for good never misses commoners. Therefore, to correct the faults of the high, co- rebuke the vices of the low, to suppress disorders, to decide against mistakes, to subdue the arrogant, to straighten the crooked, and to unify the folkways of the masses, nothing could match the law.

  31. -Hanfeizi (Legalism)

  32. "A superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions"

  33. -Confucius Analects

  34. …rewards should be rich and certain so that the people will be attracted by them; punishments should be severe and definite so that the people will fear them; and laws should be uniform and steadfast so that the people will be familiar with them. Consequently, the sovereign should show no wavering in bestowing rewards and grant no pardon in administering punishments, and he should add honor to rewards and disgrace to punishments--when this is done, then both the worthy and the unworthy will want to exert themselves...

  35. -Hanfeizi (Legalism)

  36. Knowing others is intelligence;knowing yourself is true wisdom.Mastering others is strength; mastering yourself is true power.

  37. -Laozi Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

  38. The more laws and order are made prominent, the more thieves and robbers there will be.

  39. -Laozi Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

  40. The administration of government lies in getting proper men. Such men are to be got by means of the ruler's own character. That character is to be cultivated by his treading in the ways of duty. And the treading those ways of duty is to be cultivated by the cherishing of benevolence.

  41. -Confucius Analects

  42. The superior man does what is proper to the station in which he is; he does not desire to go beyond this. In a position of wealth and honor, he does what is proper to a position of wealth and honor. In a poor and low position, he does what is proper to a poor and low position.

  43. -Confucius Analects

  44. Hence it is said: The ruler must not reveal his desires;for if he reveals his desireshis ministers will put on the mask that pleases him.

  45. -Hanfeizi (Legalism)

  46. Basic Social Structure in Classical China • Imperial, ruling family and top government officials (the Confucian bureaucracy, or scholarly class, sometimes called Mandarins) • Landowning aristocracy • Peasants and artisans • Merchants (Though merchants could become wealthy, they were generally scorned by Confucian scholars and elites. Wealthy merchants wanted sons to become scholars and gov. officials to raise status of family.) • Unskilled laborers, performing artists, and household slaves

  47. Crash Course World History Episode #7 1. What are the concepts of junzi, ren, and li, and how did these ideas impact Chinese society and culture?

  48. The Qin Dynasty of China (221 B.C.E. – 210 B.C.E.) • The Qin family ruled a feudal state on the western border of Zhou territory. • A Qin ruler named Zheng (later called Qin Shihuangdi) took advantage of the weakened Zhou, conquering them by 221 B.C.E. • Qin was a harsh, legalist ruler, but an effective administrator. • He reorganized the empire into military districts, and appointed loyal officials to administer them (this basically ended feudalism by weakening the feudal lords.) He also unified the country and centralized the government. • Qin ordered the creation of a standard system of weights and measures, coins, laws, and writing. • Qin used forced labor to connect and extend the GreatWall. • he also seized land, levied taxes, and censored and burned books. • Qin died in 210 B.C.E., and was succeeded by his son who was quickly overthrown.

  49. The Boundary of the Qin Dynasty

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