Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution Suez Canal Developments in Asia World War I The Great Depression

2. The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. • In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. • The Industrial Revolution started in England, because that nation had the technological means, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network. • The first factories appeared in 1740, concentrating on textile production. Sources : http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/industrialrev.html http://www.bergen.org/technology/indust1.html

3. The term INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION originally referred to the developments that transformed Great Britain, between 1750 and 1830, from a largely rural population making a living almost entirely from agriculture to a town-centered society engaged increasingly in factory manufacture.

4. Other European nations underwent the same process soon thereafter • This was followed by others during the 19th century • And still others (such as Russia and Japan) in the the first half of the 20th century • In some countries this transformation is only now taking place or still lies in the future.

5. EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE Increase in Trade • Steamships • more European ships sailed to the East • Increase in the number of ships visiting Singapore • Singapore became a port of call in the region

6. EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE Improvement in Communications • Letters - 4 to 5 months to reach Singapore from Europe • Steamships - 5 weeks in the 1860s • Singapore brought into closer contact with Britain and the rest of the world

7. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

8. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL Source : http://beta.encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter/map.aspx?refid=701516820

9. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL • Artificial waterway from Port Said to Suez, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas; 160 km long. • Separates Africa from Asia and provides the shortest eastwards sea route from Europe • Opened in 1869, nationalized in 1956, blocked by Egypt during the Arab-Israeli War in 1967, and not reopened until 1975.

10. EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL Increase in Trade • Savings in distance and time • Reduce shipping cost • Singapore traders found it faster and cheaper to get goods from Europe • Increased trade for Singapore as a result of increased speed and volume of ships

11. EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE OLD HARBOUR • For many years, ships called at the Old Harbour off the mouth of the Singapore River • Lighters unloaded the goods from the ships and transported them to shore (Boat Quay) • At the quays, the coolies would carry the goods from the lighters to the go-downs and storage houses • At the same time, they would load new goods onto the lighters for them to carry back to the ships in the harbour • However, the Old Harbour faced several problems as it was not equipped to handle the increased traffic in the area as a result of increased business activities

12. EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE PROBLEMS AT THE OLD HARBOUR • Overcrowding – there were too many lighters but insufficient space along the banks of the river • Insufficient space for storage of goods, coal etc • Insufficient space to build docks for ship repairs • In short, insufficient port facilities to cope with the growth and increase in trade activities

13. EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE NEW HARBOUR • In 1852, a New Harbour was built at the strait between the southern coast of Singapore and the 2 islands, Pulau Brani and Pulau Blakang Mati (Sentosa) • Deep and sheltered harbour • Could accommodate steamships and large sailing ships • Sheltered from strong winds and large waves by the two island • Free of severe silting • The New Harbour was renamed Keppel Harbour in 1900

14. EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE NEW HARBOUR • Development of Keppel Harbour took the shape of • New wharves – provision of deeper berthing • Better coaling facilities – coal sheds/depots • Improved storage facilities – new storehouses were built • Improved ship-repairing facilities – new docks • The new port facilities made it easier and faster for ships to load and unload goods, refuel, re-supply and to make repairs

15. DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA Opening up of China • Entrepot trade with China and surrounding areas • Traders’ unfounded fears of opening up Chinese ports • Instead, it increased Singapore’s trade

16. DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA Development of Malaya • Spread of British control brought about peace and order in Malaya • Invention of motor-car and tin-canning industry • Great demand for rubber and tin • Manufacture tin plates and tin cans • Tyres, soles of shoes • Singapore became the chief port for trade in tin and rubber

17. http://shopping.corbis.com/search/enlarge.asp?imageid=10109123http://shopping.corbis.com/search/enlarge.asp?imageid=10109123

18. DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA • Countries are interdependent • Singapore is affected by external events

19. WORLD WAR I • Arms race in Europe • Britain, because of IR, one of the strongest powers by 20th C • Other countries tried to match Britain’s military strength • Countries in Europe became very suspicious of each other • Formed themselves into two opposing groups

20. WORLD WAR I • Central Powers : Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary • The Allies : Britain, France and Russia • Situation in Europe very tense • WWI sparked off by an assassination

21. WORLD WAR I Effects on Singapore • Rush for food • Trade threatened by the Emden • Indian (Sepoy) Mutiny

22. ASSASSINATION AT SARAJEVO 2 bullets and a wrong turn started the most destructive and terrible war that Man has ever known until then June 28 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand & his wife Sophie Teenage assassin : Gavrilo Princip

23. WORLD WAR IHOW IT ALL STARTED

24. 4 years 4 months WORLD WAR ISTATISTICS 8.5 million killed 21 million wounded

25. WORLD WAR ISTATISTICS http://www.historyonthenet.com/Lessons/worksheets/ww1/statistics.doc

26. WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE • Locals were complacent prior to the outbreak of WWI • Surrounded by neutral or friendly countries • Went about their local business • Slight panic when war broke out in Europe • Things returned to normal after a few weeks • ………until the Emden incident

27. WORLD WAR I THE EMDEN • Arrived in the East in Sep 1914 • Sank many Allied ships in the Indian Ocean • Locals feared that Singapore and the surrounding shipping and trade routes would be her next target • Struck home the reality of war in Europe • Destroyed by an Australian warship in Nov 1914

28. WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE • British ordered the Indian (sepoy) regiment stationed in Singapore to depart for HK where they night be needed • Rumour that the sepoys will be sent to fight against Turkey where the Sultan of Turkey had declared a “jihad” • Mutiny started on 15 February 1915 - eve of their departure • Which other relevant event occurred on 15 Feb ?

29. WORLD WAR I EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE • Seized Alexandra Barracks, released German prisoners • Formed small groups to roam the town, killing any Europeans they met • Mutiny lasted 10 days • Caused anxiety in Singapore but gathered no support

30. WORLD WAR I

31. Plaque found in St Andrew’s Cathedral

32. THE GREAT DEPRESSION • The Great Depression took place from 1930 to 1939, starting with the US and spreading to the rest of the world • During this time the prices of stock in the US fell 40%. 9,000 banks went out of business and 9 million savings accounts were wiped out. • 86,000 businesses failed, and wages were decreased by an average of 60%. The unemployment rate went from 9% all the way to 25%, about 15 million jobless people.

33. THE GREAT DEPRESSION

34. Christmas dinner in the home of Earl Pauley near Smithland, Iowa. (Circa 1935) http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd50.htm

35. Depression : Unemployed: Typical picture capturing the number of people who were unemployed and looking for a job. (Circa 1935) http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd7.htm

36. EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE Trade and Business • America and Europe were the biggest buyers of tin and rubber • Businesses trading in these commodities were badly affected; many closed down

37. EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE Unemployment and Hardship • many people suffered • Government had to retrench workers and many suffered pay cuts • By 1931, one third of the population was out of job

38. EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE Government’s Response • Passed a law in 1930 to restrict and reduce the number of immigrants coming to Singapore • Arranged for large numbers of Indian and Chinese to return home