The Jeffersonian Republic: 1800-1812

1. The Jeffersonian Republic: 1800-1812 Chapter 11

2. A. Federalist & Republican Mudslingers • Election of 1800 • John Adams- Fed.- split b/c of no war, attacked Jefferson’s character • Thomas Jefferson- Republican- attacked Feds. b/c of no war • Jefferson beat Adams, but tied with Burr- went to HoR • Vote went to Jefferson • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_zTN4BXvYI

4. B. The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800 • Claimed election was a revolution • Believed it was popular upheaval of Federalists • Return to democratic ideas • Peaceful transition of power • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8JHDinpGIw

6. Jefferson • “We are all Republicans – we are all Federalists.” • “If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.”

7. Jefferson’s “essential principles” • Equal and exact justice to all men • Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliances with none • Freedom of religion, press, of person, under protection of habeas corpus • Feared the “Monocrats”

8. Jefferson on the Nation’s issues post-Revolutionary War • Foreign civil arrangement • Foreign treaties • Domestic civil arrangement • Domestic peace establishment of arsenals and posts • Western territory • Indian affairs • Money

9. C. Responsibility Breeds Moderation • Protect minority interests (Federalists) • Didn’t fire Federalist workers • Impeachment of John Pickering (NH) • “I shall be sober tomorrow” • Cultivated New England support • Federalists for attorney general, Sec of War, Postmaster General • “sloppy” appearance • Started to appreciate loose interpretation

10. D. Jeffersonian Restraint • Alien & Sedition Acts expired • Made pardons & remitted fines • James Callender situation • Reduced residency for aliens back to 5 years • Sec. of Treasury Albert Gallatin • Tried to roll back debt • Balance budget • Got rid of whiskey excise tax • Left the rest of Hamilton’s financial program alone

11. Jefferson on the Federalists (after he had been elected): • “Their leaders are a hospital of incurables, and as such entitled to be protected and taken care of as other insane persons are.” • Hillary Clinton on Sept 9, 2016 • “You know, to just be grossly generalistic, you could put half of Trump’s supporters into what I call the basket of deplorables…Now some of those folks – they are irredeemable.”

13. E. The Judiciary • Judiciary Act of 1801 & midnight judges (Federalist legislation) • New federal courts & presidential appointments • Republicans didn’t allow judges to take office • William Marbury & James Madison • Marbury • Land speculator, appointed DC justice of the peace • Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed suit, BUT ruled about “judicial review”

14. Marbury v. Madison • Marshall ruled that Marbury deserved commission but Supreme Court had no jurisdiction • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Original jurisdiction • Foreign ambassadors • states • “it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial branch to say what the law is”

15. John Marshall- Federalist who lived on long after the party died

16. F. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior • Reduce army- penny pinching vs. philosophy • National defense left to state militias • Reduce navy- get in wars • Already had been reduced by Federalists

17. North African Barbary States (pirates) • Pasha of Tripoli- 1801 • 4 yrs. of fighting/secret ops. • $60,000 peace treaty • “The shores of Tripoli…” • “Jeffs” “mosquito fleet”

18. Jefferson the Hypocrite??? • Sec of Treasury Gallatin show him how to accept nat’l bank as essential convenience • Signed 1807 bill outlawing importation of enslaved Africans • All states but SC already

19. G. The LA Godsend, 1803 • 1802- rumors of land transfer deal of LA • $10 mil. for New Orleans • Monroe and Livingston • Napoleon decided to sell it ALL for $15 mil. • Jefferson’s dilemma vs. Senate’s reaction

20. Jefferson’s “noble bargain” • Suggested a constitutional amendment • Advisors argued against delay in case Napoleon changed mind • Power to purchase territory resided in power to make treaties? • Pro/Con • Pro – promote peace (buffer), favorable to immediate interests of western citizens, haven for free blacks and fewer racial tensions? • Con – NE Federalists – worried westward exodus would drive up wages in east (reduced workforce and lower land value)

21. Treaty of Cession – April 30, 1803 • Senate ratified December 20, 1803 – passed by 26 to 6 • Americans in Baton Rouge staged 1810 rebellion • 1812 – Louisiana became 18th state

22. H. LA in the Long View • New kind of empire • Old World out of New World • Lewis & Clark’s Expedition- 1804 (2 ½ yrs.) • Zebulon Pike- Mississippi River source & southern part of LA Purchase

23. Disloyal Federalists? • Essex Junto • Massachusetts Federalists considered seceding from Union • Idea bounced around until Hartford Convention • Led by Timothy Pickering • Sec of State for Washington and Adams • US Senator

24. Election of 1804

25. Hamilton and Maria Reynolds – an “irregular and indelicate amour”

26. I. The Aaron Burr Conspiracy • Hamilton/Burr Duel- 1804 • “A dangerous man…” • Plotted to take over western US- acquitted • Fled to Europe, encouraged invasion of US

27. Jefferson’s 2nd Inaugural • “During this course of administration, and in order to disturb it, the artillery of the press has been leveled against us, charged with whatsoever its licentiousness could devise or dare…These abuses of an institution, so important to freedom and science, are deeply to be regretted, inasmuch as they tend to lessen its usefulness and to sap its safety.”

28. Donald J. Trump • ✔@realDonaldTrump • Funny how the Fake News Media doesn’t want to say that the Russian group was formed in 2014, long before my run for President. Maybe they knew I was going to run even though I didn’t know! • 2:46 PM - Feb 17, 2018 • 101K • 58.5K people are talking about this • Donald J. Trump • ✔@realDonaldTrump • The Fake News Media never fails. Hard to ignore this fact from the Vice President of Facebook Ads, Rob Goldman! https://twitter.com/robjective/status/964680123885613056 … • 3:11 PM - Feb 17, 2018 • 56.8K • 28.5K people are talking about this

29. Jefferson and Burr • 1807 – Jefferson orders arrest • Tries to flee but put on trial before John Marshall • Jefferson ignored a subpoena to submit papers to Congress • Independence of executive branch would be compromised if president subject to a court writ • Definition of treason • Marshall required 2 or more witnesses • Not Guilty • Returned to legal practice in NY 1812

30. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLSsswr6z9Y

31. Democratic-Republican Opposition • John Randolph of Roanoke, VA (TJ’s cousin) • “Never, in my opinion, had the cause of free gov’t more to fear than now” • “Quids”/”Old Republicans” – TJ too far Federalist • 6th annual msg – proposed internal improvements

32. J. A Precarious Neutrality • 1803- renewed British/French War • Each side placed American embargo against the other • April 1806 – NY – HMS Leander • Impressment continued • 1807- Chesapeake Incident • HMS Leopard • Courtmartials, duels, oh my!

33. K. The Hated Embargo • Honor vs. readiness • Embargo Act of 1807 • Stop trade w/ ALL countries • “peaceful coercion”

34. “The constitution gone!!...If such an act as this…had been received in New England prior to 1776, the newspapers in which it should be inserted, would have been clad in Mourning…It subjects us to domiciliary and nocturnal visits, by…military hirelings…It subjects the whole people to the will of the Executive, authorizing him to make a secret code of laws…It establishes a ruinous and corrupting system of espionage, and encourages pimps, spies, and informers, who are always the basest of mankind.” - Boston flyer signed “A Descendant of the Pilgrims”

35. Embargo (continued) • Hurt Americans • Federalists in Northeast • Democratic-Republicans in South & West • Jefferson tried to strictly enforce it, people hated it • Repealed March, 1809, replaced by Non-Intercourse Act • Helped American industry grow

37. Election of 1808

38. L. Madison’s Gamble • Non-Intercourse Act expired in 1810 • Congress’s Plan (Macon’s Bill No. 2) • Introduced to GB & France- you take away your trade restrictions, US would reinstate embargo against other country • Napoleon took deal- no intention of honoring it • Britain didn’t offer to lift restrictions, & Madison had to reinstate the embargo against them

40. Madison’s reluctant call for war • H of R – 79 to 49 • Senate – 19 to 13 • Every Federalist opposed • 80% of Republicans supported • 1) protest British Orders in Council • 2) stop British impressments of sailors • 3) end British encouragement of Indian attacks on frontier • TJ – stop Indian barbarities, conquest of Canada will do this

41. Who Wanted War? • War hawks- young senators & congressmen from South & West • Wanted to fight British & Indians

42. Tecumseh and the Prophet • T & P- Shawnee brothers ready to fight white settlers • 1811- General William Henry Harrison- Battle of Tippecanoe • Defeated Prophet & became war hero • Pushed Tecumseh into alliance w/ British

43. N. Mr. Madison’s War • Saw war as inevitable • Wanted it to prove the country wasn’t a passing fad

44. US Military: • 6,744 Regulars • 16 vessels in the Navy (not counting “Jeffs” • British Military: • Half a million regulars • 600 warships

45. Asked for & received declaration of war in 1812 w/ a close vote • Split on sectional & partisan lines • Feds. & Northerners didn’t want war • Didn’t like France • Didn’t want more agrarian states from Canada

46. Election of 1812

47. Dewitt Clinton • Told Federalists (where the war was unpopular) he would end the conflict • Told areas where the war was popular that he would fight more fiercely than Madison