The History of Manufacturing: From Handmade to Industrial Revolution

1. The History of The Process That Made America Great

2. Manufacturing: • What is manufacturing? • When & Where did it begin? • Why did people invent it? • What innovations improved it? • Has the course of history been affected by manufacturing?

3. Manufacturing: Changing materials into usable products in a workshop or factory.

4. The term manufacturing comes from the Latin term: manu factus which means "made by hand" That's not quite what we think of today.

5. The Rise of Manufacturing • Centuries ago, all products were made by hand. In fact, families themselves used to make most of the products they needed.

6. The Rise of Manufacturing • Over a million years ago evidence shows that the first form of manufacturing was tool making.

7. The Rise of Manufacturing • They grew their own food, built their own homes, made their own clothes, tools and other necessities in order to survive. • This left very little “free time” because they had to work from sun-up to sun down just to survive. Life was hard.

8. The Rise of Manufacturing • As time passed, some people became very skilled at making certain things. In fact they became so good at it, they could make more than they personally needed. • These people used their specialized skills to make products for other people .

9. The Rise of Manufacturing • A person who mastered making things out of wood or metal might make these products for the entire community and trade them for other products made by other people. • This was called the “Barter System”

10. The Rise of Manufacturing • Later, as time and technology advanced, these people started specializing in a craft. They produced goods and sold them to a merchant who sold them in a store. • This was called the “Mercantile System”

11. The Rise of Manufacturing • As communities and civilization grew so did the need for products people need and want. • Today virtually everything we use is manufactured in some way.

12. What if….? • What would your life be like today without manufacturing? • Write a brief description of what you’d have to do without and what your daily routine would be like without the manufactured goods you have access to now. ?

13. Stop for Questions 1. What does manufacturing mean? • Changing materials into usable products in a workshop or factory • Made by hand • Both A and B • None of the above

14. Stop for Questions 2. Which statement is true? • Before the 1800’s products were made using robotics. • Before the 1800’s the majority of products were manufactured in factories. • Before the 1800’s virtually allproducts were made by hand • None of these are true.

15. Stop for Questions 3. The barter system was… • The importing of goods from other countries • The exchange excess goods from a family for goods from another • The sale of goods to a store • None of the above

16. Stop for Questions 4. The mercantile system was… • The importing of goods from other countries • The exchange excess goods from a family for goods from another • The sale of goods to a merchant who sold them through a store. • None of the above

17. Stop for Questions 5. The first form of manufacturing was used in… • Tool making • Shoe making • The production line • The ford automobile

18. The Rise of Manufacturing • Making products by hand was inefficient. A lot of time and money were required to make each item and no two items were identical. • This method was used well into the 1700’s.

19. The Rise of Manufacturing • The world population like the colonies was growing fast. More and more people with more and more needs and wants called for new ideas. • People continued to develop more efficient methods of making products. In the late 1700’s some significant changes took place in a time period called…..

20. The Industrial Revolution

21. The Industrial Revolution • New manufacturing machines were invented. • A new power source was harnessed – steam • Products were now made in factories.

22. What Started the Industrial Revolution? James Watt 1769 The Steam Engine In England Why was that a “Big Deal”?

23. Before the Steam EngineThe Sources of Power Were: • Water • Man/Woman • Wind • Fire • Animal

24. Man/Women get bored, have to rest, have families that get sick, have to eat. Animals can’t work 24 hrs either. Their up-keep is an additional expense. Water – there can be a drought or a flood. Relies on a down stream flow. Wind isn’t predictable or dependable. Fire – A lot of effort went into chopping & splitting wood. The Steam Engine can go 24hrs a day. The only thing the Steam Engine needs is coal/wood and water. A steam powered boat can go up stream. Uses water but not as much Steam Engine is dependable 24/7 Steam Engine relies on fire but not as much fuel to make it. The Steam Engine had advantages over those five power sources…

25. Before the Steam Engine, early factories had to be located on the banks of rivers. Afterwards factories no longer had to be built near rivers. They could be closer to the source of raw materials. Costs were lowered because manufacturers no longer had to pay for transporting raw materials over long distances.

26. Stop for Questions 6. The Englishman credited for starting the Industrial Revolution in 1769 with his invention of the steam engine was….. • Henry Ford. • Albert Einstein. • George Washington. • James Watt.

27. Stop for Questions 7. What was the advantage of using the steam engine in manufacturing? • The power supplied by the steam engine was available 24 hours a day. • The steam engine replaced horses as the source of power. • Steam Engine relies on fire but not as much fuel to make it. • All of these.

28. Stop for Questions 8. What factors played a key role in the start of the industrial revolution? • New manufacturing machines were being invented. • A new power source (steam) was introduced. • Products were beginning to be made in factories. • All of these.

29. Stop for Questions 9. Which of these is not a source of power? • Wind • Human • Water • Wheel

30. Stop for Questions 10. Before the steam engine where were most factories built? • In a big city. • Next to a river or stream. • On a lake. • In the mountains.

31. How Would You Like This Job…? • The earliest steam engine was operated by controlling two valves. Someone had to open and close each valve by hand continually to keep the engine running. • A boy named Humphrey Potter(no relation to Harry) grew bored doing this. He devised a method where the action of the engine would control the opening and closing of the valves in proper order. Putting his idea to work not only doubled the speed of the engine, but was the invention of the automatic valve.

32. Mass Production & Interchangeable Parts • American inventor, pioneer, mechanical engineer, and manufacturer, Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin. • He also affected the industrial development of the United States when, in manufacturing muskets for the government, he translated the concept of interchangeable parts into a manufacturing system, giving birth to the American mass-production concept. • Source: National Inventors Hall of Fame Eli Whitney

33. “Necessity is the Mother of Invention.” • Prior to the development of the concept of interchangeable parts, products like guns were made one at a time by skilled craftsmen. Like pieces of art, no two products were identical. Even the screws were made by hand. • There were disadvantages to the consumer because of the way they were manufactured: 1. It took a long time to receive your gun because the gunsmith made it for you after you ordered it. 2. If a part broke, a new part would have to be made specifically for it. 3. Since it took so much of the gunsmith’s time to make each gun, each one cost a lot of money.

34. “Necessity is the Mother of Invention.” OOPS! The Trigger broke. Now what do I do? • The problem is that no matter how much money you had, it still took time to fix the gun if it broke. • In the middle of a battlefield that’s not a good thing. There were no “Time Outs”. • You aim, pull the trigger and it breaks. Since there’s no such thing as spare parts, the best you would be able to do is bat bullets as they’re coming at you! GOOD LUCK! • That’s the way it was until Whitney developed this concept of interchangeable parts.

35. “Necessity is the Mother of Invention.” • The newly formed U.S. government needed muskets for the army to fight the English. • As they do today, a call was made for bids from businesses that could make the weapons. No Gunsmith could manufacture the 10,000 muskets in the time the government needed them, and the cost was going too be high. • Eli Whitney claimed that he could make 10,000 in one year and at a fraction of the cost. To prove his point he brought the parts of a gun to Washington and had the president assemble them. He got the contract on the spot. Some of Whitney’s gun parts But how’d he do that??

36. Mass Production & Standardized Parts • Mass Production - making many copies of a product all at once, instead of one at a time. • Whitney’s four parts of a mass production system: Special Machines – Like the drill press Specialized Labor – Minimum wage vs Gunsmiths Jigs and fixtures – Helps unskilled labor do skilled work. A Standard System of Measurement – (Rulers) • THE KEY TO MASS PRODUCTION IS …. THE PARTS ARE STANDARDIZED (Every trigger is identical to the others and fit any gun) Drill Press Cotton Gin

37. …and the rest… …is history!

38. Stop for Questions 11. Who was given credit for developing the process of mass production? • James Watt. • Benjamin Franklin. • George Washington. • Eli Whitney.

39. Stop for Questions 12. What was Eli Whitney’s “Key” to a mass production system? • Lots of unskilled labor doing the work. • Hiring gunsmiths to do the work. • Standardized Parts. • Jigs and Fixtures.

40. Stop for Questions 13. What did Whitney mass produce for the new U.S. Government? • Muskets. • Machine Guns. • Tanks. • The Cotton Gin.

41. Did You Know… • The first American factories were Textile. They made fabric/cloth. • The technology that these factories needed was in England. • The English Parliament wanted to keep these jobs and profits in England. As a result they passed laws against taking these inventions or their plans to the U.S. They wouldn’t even allow mechanics who worked in English factories to emigrate to the U.S. ! • HOWEVER… The “Spinning Jenny” The “Water Frame”

42. Technology Believe It or Whatever… • Samuel Slater, an experienced young mechanic who knew a great deal about the new machines decided to sneak out of England because he sympathized with the colonists. • In 1789 he left for the United States. He couldn’t bring drawings or plans with him. However, he had an excellent memory so he memorized them. Within a year, he had built the first textile mill in the U.S. from plans he drew straight from his head! Believe It!

43. What made Henry Ford famous? • He didn’t invent the car. It was invented in France – “The Lavassor” in 1889. • He didn’t even make the first mass produced car in the U.S. He was beaten to the market by Random Eli Olds and his Oldsmobile. • He is best remembered for devising the factory assembly approach to production that revolutionized the auto industry by greatly reducing the time required to assemble a car from 14hrs to 1 ½ hrs, reducing the cost dramatically. • He perfected the “Assembly Line” Henry Ford

44. What made Henry Ford famous? • He used Eli Whitney’s concept and improved on it. • Instead of bringing the parts to the product, the product was moved from station to station where the parts were installed as it went by • This made it possible to speed up production which lowered the cost of production and that made the car more affordable to more people. • Until then only the wealthy could afford a car.

45. Think About It…. • Ford was beaten to the market by R.E. Olds because he was working on an engine that ran on a different fuel than gasoline. Olds patented the first engine that used gasoline in 1897, the Curved Dash Oldsmobile. • Ford gave up on his engine, converted to the gasoline engine in 1908 and in a short time out-produced Olds taking the lead in U.S. car manufacturing. The Curved Dash Oldsmobile 1907 Price - $650.00 Ford’s Model T 1908 Price - $850.00 1910 Price - $280.00 19,000 were made in 1910 Only 5000 made in 1910

46. What Fuel did Ford call“The Fuel of the Future”? • ALCOHOL (Ethyl Alcohol - Ethanol) • Made from vegetables like corn or potatoes or fruit. Renewable, burns clean, extinguishes with water. • Are there cars that run on alcohol today? Yes No or

47. So why don’t all cars use alcohol? • IT COSTS MORE! (At least for now) Due to how little is manufactured compared to gasoline. • Even at $5.00 a gallon, Gasoline is much cheaper.

48. Changing History If you could go back in time and stop R.E. Olds long enough for Ford to finish his alcohol burning engine and all cars ran on alcohol what would be different today? List as many ways each of the following catagories would be different today. • The Environment • The Economy • The World Be ready to share and explain your opinion.

49. The Environment • Air Pollution • Oil well drilling/spills • The Economy • US dependency on foreign oil? • Oil refineries and Hurricanes • Farmers would be rich. • The World • Would the middle east be a threat today? • Would countries have strong agricultural technology be the richest? ONE PERSON AND ONE INVENTION CAN CHANGE THE COURSE OF HISTORY! YOU HAVE THE SAME POWER!!

50. Stop for Questions 14. The first American factories manufactured what product? • Muskets. • Textiles. • Automobiles. • Computers.