The Contribution of Pastoralism to National Economies

1. The Contribution of Pastoralism to National Economies Regional Sensitization Seminar on the Rights of Indigenous Populations/Communities in Central and East Africa MelakouTegegn

2. background to the issue • PFE conference 2003: Pastoralism and Accumulation • actual potential • World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism • 5 country studies • Conclusion: same

3. pastoral demography and economy • [pastoral cattle: Kenya 75%, Ug. 95%, Tz 97%] • rural development and accumulation: crucial link towards livelihood diversification • economic growth • social development • rural industrialization • the principal traditional sectors • pastoralism, peasant agriculture, [hunting-gathering]

4. challenges to the traditional sector : vis a vis sustainable development • climate change • globalization of the market [policy prescriptions] • over-population • Policy bias: the dominant discourse [African elite] • despite advances in global recognition of IP rights • the most serious hurdle for IP rights and pastoralism’s contribution to national economies

5. the dominant discourse and the African elite • decolonization? • misconceptions about pastoralism: characterized • “economic irrationality” • “low economic performance” • “reluctance to engage in markets • “unsustainable resource management”

6. Pastoralismvis a vis sustainable development • pastoralism and the environment • Pastoralism as the most effective and economically rational way of sustainbly managing dry lands • pastoral livestock as wealth occupying strategic position in some economies [Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, etc…] • the Ethiopian example

7. Contributions of pastoralism to national economies • the actual and potential 1. General to GDPs • Uganda 8.5% • Ethiopia 9% • Mali 10% • Kyrgiztan 20% • contribution to the informal economy

8. contributions of pastoralism to agricultural GDP • Sudan 80% Chad 34% • Senegal 78% Burkina Faso 24% • Niger 84% • Mauritania 33% • Mali 33% • Kenya 50% • Ethiopia 35%

9. Challenges • Reduction in the overall number of agro-pastoralists • Increasing need of mobility in pastoral areas • Recurrent drought and lack of copying mechanism

10. Animal sales and consumption: export and local markets • the potential: the various sub-regions Volume and value of livestock exports from Ethiopia • Year Live animals Value (US$1,000) Meat (tons) Value (US$1,000) • 2005‐ 6 163,000 27,259 7,717 15,598 • 2006‐7 234,000 36,507 7,917 18,448 • 2007‐ 8 298,000 40,865 5,875 15,471 • 2008‐ 9 150,000 77,350 6,400 24,480 • 2009‐10 334,000 91,000 10,000 34,000 • Source: Mind the Gap, YacobAklilu and Andy Catley

11. Milk sales and consumption • Producing for consumption need to be considered as an important economic activity • Why this is not considered: market philosophy holds only production of commodities should be included in economic calculation • the actual and potential per sub-region

12. 4. hides and skins sales, local consumption • beefing up the shoes/ leather industry • need for a protectionist macro-economic policy • protectionism: WM/IMF v/s the 4 tigers • the actual and potential • Ethiopia: hides/skins 85% of the total livestock export with the value of $600 million • Pastoralits’ share in value of exports: $43 million

13. Wool sales and consumption • Manure sales and consumption: burning fuel Indirect contributions