Beginning of the year review Spanish 1 grammar

1. Beginning of the year reviewSpanish 1 grammar

2. Saying the date • Formula = • Es el (number) de (month) • Exception = • The first of the month is “Es el primero de (month)” • Example = May 5th • Es el cinco de mayo • Practice: Write the following dates • Christmas • New years day • August 10th Es el veinticinco de diciembre Es el primero de enero Es el diez de agosto

3. Subject pronouns • Subject pronouns replace the name of the person doing the action in a sentence. • In English they are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. yo Nosotros, nosotras tú él ellos ella ellas usted (Ud.) ustedes (Uds.)

4. Nosotros(as) somos Yo soy Tú eres Él es Ellos son ella es Ellas son Ud. es Ustedes son es son

5. Ser • The verb ser is one of two verbs in Spanish that translates as “to be”. The verbs are not interchangeable. • Use ser in the following situations: • The hour, day, and date • nationality • Occupation • Physical or character description • Religious or political affiliation • Origin • Possession • relationship of one person to another • certain impersonal expressions • where an event is taking place • essential qualities • The material something is made of “to be” English conjugations I am You are He, she, it is We are They are

6. Definite and indefinite articles • Definition of an article: a small word that comes before a noun and translates as “the, a, an, some”. • It must match the item in number and gender. • Definite articles refer to something specific. “the” • Indefinite articles refer to something in general. “a, an, some” el los un unos la las una unas

7. Adjectives • Adjectives definition • A word that describes or modifies a noun • Adjectives in Spanish must match the noun in number and gender • Adjectives are generally placed after the noun in the sentence. El carro verde Los carros verdes

8. Time • Telling time Formula = • (Es/son) + (la, las) + (hour) + (y/menos) + (minutes) + (Time of day) • At what time formula = • A + (la, las) + (hour) + (y/menos) + (minutes) + (Time of day) • Examples: • 1:10 pm __________________________________________________________ • 8:30am __________________________________________________________ • 7:15 pm __________________________________________________________ • 9:45 am __________________________________________________________ • Or_________________________________________________________ Es la una y diez de la tarde Son las ocho y media de la mañana Son las siete y cuarto de la noche Son las nueve y cuarenta y cinco de la mañana Son las diez menos cuarto de la mañana

9. Conjugating –ar verbs • Definitions • Verb • Infinitive • Subject • Subject pronouns • Conjugate • Conjugations A word that represents an action or a state of being– “it’s what you do” the simple or basic form of the verb, the unchanged verb with the –ar, -er, or –ir still attached to the end of the word. Generally means “to do something” ex: hablar – to speak the person doing the action Words that replace the person’s name and used as the subject of a noun changing the verb to match the subject the forms of the verb after it has been conjugated or changed to match the subjects

10. Conjugating –ar, -er, -ir present tense verbs • Steps • Take off the –ar, -er, -ir ending. • Hablar –ar = habl (this is called the stem) • Figure out who the subject is • Yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros, nosotras, ellos, ellas, ustedes • Add the appropriate ending emos/imos o amos o hablamos ais as hablo es eis/ is hablas a an e en habla hablan

11. Irregular verbs IR, DAR, and Estar • Conjugations and translations To be To give Estar = ____________ Ir = __________ To go Dar = ____________ voy vamos doy damos estoy estamos vas das estás daís vais estais va van da dan está están

12. IR • The verb ir and its conjugations are generally followed by “a” • To say you are going to do something formula • (ir) + a + (infinitive) • To say you are going to some place formula • (ir) + a + (article) + (noun) • Contractions: • _______ + _______ = ________ (to the, at the) • _______ + _______ = ________ (of the, from the) Voy a estudiar vamos a la escuela a el al de el del

13. Estar • This verb is not interchangeable with ser! • Usage Rhyme: • How you feel and where you are, you always use the verb estar. • Health, feelings, location, emotions, present progressive tense

14. Review part 2

15. Present progressive tense • The present progressive is used in Spanish to express an action that is presently going on—an action in progress. • The present progressive is formed by using the present tense of the verb estar and the present participle—speaking, doing. • To form the present participle of most verbs in Spanish you drop the ending of the infinitive and add -ando to the stem of -ar verbs and -iendo to the stem of -er and -ir verbs. • Note that the verbs leer and traer have a y in the present participle. • leyendotrayendo

16. Saber y conocer in the present tense • The verb saber means to know a fact or to have information about something. It also means to know how to do something. • The verb conocer means to know in the sense of to be acquainted with. • It is used to talk about people and complex or abstract concepts rather than simple facts.

17. Saber y conocer in the present tense • The verbs saber and conocer both mean to know. • Note that like many Spanish verbs they have an irregular yo form in the present tense. All other forms are regular. sé sabemos conozco conocemos sabes conoces sabe saben conoce conocen

18. Present tense “go” verbs • The verbs hacer(to do, to make), poner, traer (to bring), and salir have an irregular yo form. • The yo form has a g. All other forms are the same as those of a regular -er or -ir verb. hago pongo traigo salgo haces pones traes sales hace pone trae sale hacemos ponemos traemos salimos g hacen ponen traen salen Beware of the sneaky “g”

19. Present tense “go” verbs • The verb venir (to come) also has an irregular yo form. It conjugates like the verb tener. It is an e-ie stemchanger. vengo venimos vienes viene vienen

20. Direct object pronouns • The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object. • The direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing. • When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns: In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the direct object pronoun. 1. Place it immediately before the conjugated verb. 2. Attach it directly to the infinitive. nos me te lo los la las Lo/la Los/las

21. Indirect object pronouns • The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going. • The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed. • Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going. • Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood.

22. Indirect object pronouns • When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following pronouns: nos me te le les le les le les The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are ambiguous. Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity or for emphasis

23. Reflexive verbs • A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same • When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se." • The reflexive pronouns are • me, te, se, nos, se Steps to conjugating Cut Fling Flop Chopsuey (switch-a-roonie) Schmoosh me lav ar o se Cut off the “se” Fling “se” in front of the verb Flop “se” over into me, te, se, nos, or se to match the subject Chop off –ar, -er, -ir Swich the stem if necessary Add the appropriate ending

24. Preterite of regular –ar verbs • The preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed. • The preterite of regular -ar verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -ar and adding the appropriate endings to the stem. Note that verbs that end in ______, ______, and ______ have a spelling change in the ______form. _______ = _______ _______ = _______ _______ = _______ car gar zar yo é amos car aste qué gar gué ó aron cé zar

25. Preterite of regular –er and –ir verbs • Both regular –er and –ir verbs have the same set of endings í imos iste ió ieron

26. Ser and Ir in the preterite • The verbs ir and ser are irregular in the preterite tense • The context in which each verb is used in the sentence will clarify the meaning. • The verb ser is not used very often in the preterite. fui fuimos fuiste fue fueron

27. Dar and Ver in the preterite • The preterite endings of the verbs dar and ver are the same as those of regular -er and -ir verbs, except for the accent marks. di dimos vi vimos diste viste dio dieron vio vieron