The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution World Civilizations

2. The Industrial Revolution • What is the Industrial Revolution? • Where and when did it first occur?

3. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain • Why England? • Technology • Economic Aspects • Access to Raw Materials • Political Aspects • Factors of Production • Land • Labor

4. Agriculture in Great Britain at the Start of the Industrial Revolution • JethroTull • Enclosure Movement • Experimentation with New Crops

5. Textile Production in England • First  Cottage Industry • After Industrialization: • Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) • Spinning Frame (Richard Arkwright) • Flying Shuttle • Use of Factories

6. Textile Factory Workers in England

7. How Did the Use of Steam Influence the Industrial Revolution? • Steam Engine (James Watt) • Decrease Dependence on Water Power • Move Mills/Factories away from water • Railroads • Steamboats • Emphasis on Coal Production • Increased Urbanization

8. Consequences of Using Steam for Transportation

9. Coal in the Industrial Revolution • Expansion of Coal Mines • Increased Urbanization • Problems in Mines?

11. Why Did the West Industrialize First? • Focus on Individual Freedoms • Increased Competition • Rewards of Wealth and Fame

12. The Spread of the Industrial Revolution • United States • France • Germany • Japan • Comparisons to England • US, France, Japan, and England have government support of IR • Germany does not receive gov’t support • All focus on production of textiles first

13. Factories and Workers in the Industrial Revolution

14. Pre-Industrial Production • Cottage Industries • Several-Step Process to Create and Sell Goods • Merchant delivers raw materials • Weavers create wool into finished product by hand • Merchant picks up finished good and sells it at market • Benefits of the Cottage Industries • Workers create own schedule • Ability to own small businesses and make money • Focus on family b/c workshop is in the home

15. Problems of Cottage Industries • Environmental Dangers (fire/floods) could take out entire business • Needed certain skills for producing textiles, which took time to learn • Children could not work in cottage industries

16. The Shift to Industrial Production • Cottage Industries are eliminated in Industrial Revolution • Factories move to separate locations, away from the home • Working in a Factory: • Easier to learn one task than many • Children able to learn tasks and work in factories • Ability for families to make more money • Dangers: • Physical harm • Long-work days (12+ hours for all workers) • Poor sanitation and ventilation

17. Increasing Urbanization During Industrial Revolution • As more factories are built, cities in England begin to grow • Main cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool • Life in Factory Towns: • Cities grow around factories or coal mines • Some companies provide housing and food • Dangerous b/c of pollution and poor sanitation

18. Social Changes of the Early Industrial Revolution • Three main types of workers: • People to own the businesses (owners) • People to run the businesses (managers) • People to run the machines (workers) • Women gain more opportunities for jobs outside the home • Growth of the Middle Class – those who did not own the factories, but also did not do the basic work in them • Some people resist the influence of the IR • Some still want to use cottage industries • Luddites: people who opposed machinesand new technology

19. Factories and Mass Production • Mass Production: the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items • Leads to the development of the Assembly line in the United states • Advantages: • Increase in production for less cost • Increases profits • Disadvantages: • Less skilled jobs • Workers are easily replaced

20. Political Problems in the Early Industrial Revolution • British government tries to stay out of problems in the factories • Gov’t refused to pass laws regulating labor, child labor, or safe working conditions at first • Causes people to form labor unions: organizations representing workers interests • Strike (stop work) to bring about change • Forces British gov’t to make changes eventually

21. New Ideas of the Industrial Revolution

22. New Economic Ideas • The major economic idea of the Industrial Revolution was Capitalism • Discussed by economist Adam Smith • Main Ideas: • Governments should not be involved in business or economy • “Laissez-faire” (Let them Be)

23. Other Economic Ideas Emerge: • Socialism: society or government should own property and control industry • Communism: discussed by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto • Government owns all means of production and controls economic planning to ensure equal treatment and opportunities

24. Social Effects of Industrial Revolution • Effects on Women: • Women often found jobs in factories or as domestic workers • Earned low wages • Some women start to get some education • Women in the middle-classes could get professional jobs (teachers/nurses) • Many believed women should remain in the private sphere (the home) and remain outside of the public sphere (workplace)

25. Other Social and Economic Impacts • Countries that industrialized were seen as more powerful than those who did not • Industrialization helped increase military strength • Allowed strong countries to take over weaker ones  Imperialism • Some countries liked the United States see an increase in immigration • Improvements in Standard of Living: level of material comfort • Improves over time • Increase in leisure time