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Africa and Middle East 1000-1500

Africa and Middle East 1000-1500. Impact of Geography. Different and vast terrain has created a huge variety of races, ethnicities and cultures. . A. African Societies by 1500. presentation divided into three parts: Economic development Social development Political development.

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Africa and Middle East 1000-1500

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  1. Africa and Middle East1000-1500

  2. Impact of Geography • Different and vast terrain has created a huge variety of races, ethnicities and cultures.

  3. A. African Societies by 1500 • presentation divided into three parts: • Economic development • Social development • Political development

  4. 1. Economic Development • Pastoral economies became complex • Pastoral societies included Fulani, Maasai, Somali • Some of these are nomadic or migrant, others settle and build villages or cities A Fulani village in Northern Ghana, 2004 Cattle crossing the road, Northern Ghana, 2004

  5. Economic Development (contd.) • Agricultural economies expanded • Farmers supplied the food needed by the population • Surplus food was brought to the market for exchange A market scene in West Africa

  6. Economic Development (contd.) • Manufacturing • Africa’s main manufactures • Hides and skins • Metallurgy (iron) • Textile manufacturing and dyeing Kente cloth from Ghana

  7. 2. Social Development • Each African society had a religious system • We call that religion African Traditional Religion (ATR)

  8. ATR Beliefs • belief in a Supreme God • belief in several divinities or lesser gods, tied to nature • belief in ancestors • belief in life after death • belief in reincarnation

  9. ATR Beliefs (contd.) • belief in the spoken word • incantations, sacred songs, etc. • belief in prayers • belief in sacrifice • role of priests, holy men, seers, spirit mediums

  10. Other Religions in Africa • Islam in Northern and Sudanese Africa (from Ottoman Expansion) • Christianity (from European imperialism) in Northern and Northeastern Africa • Judaism (from ancient migration) in Northeastern Africa Mosque in Kaduna, Nigeria

  11. African music • music for all occasion • work, naming, marriage, funeral, etc. • dance, drama

  12. African Art and Craft • African art inspired by religion, kingship, and personal beautification • made for upper class and royalty • accessible to all Benin ivory mask

  13. African Art (contd.) • specialized forms: • sculpture in wood, bronze, brass and stone • painting of homes • body adornments • charms, amulets Ife Bronze figure of a king

  14. 3. Political Development • Main trends were: • rise of empires • Ghana, Mali, Songhai • Kanem, Bornu, Hausa states • Ife, Oyo, Benin, Dahomey, Asante, Kongo • division of power • rise of nation states

  15. Ghana Empire • established by the Soninke people • its capital was Kumbi Saleh, a market town • it engaged in the caravan trade in gold, kolanuts, salt, captives • it was attacked by the Almoravids in 1076 • the defeat weakened the empire and it later fell photo shows kolanuts on sale in Djenne, Mali, 2004

  16. Mali Empire • established by Mandingo people • founded by Sundiata • original capital was Niani • most prominent city was Djenne • like Ghana, it engaged in caravan trade • Mali’s famous ruler was Mansa Musa • he performed pilgrimage to Mecca, built Sankore mosque in Timbuktu The Grand Mosque of Djenne on a market day

  17. Songhai Empire • established by Songhai people • founded by Sunni Ali • its famous ruler was Askia Muhammad Toure • he expanded the empire, performed pilgrimage to Mecca, and made Sankore mosque a university • Songhai was destroyed by the Moroccan invaders in 1590-91 Sankore mosque and university, Timbuktu

  18. Other Empires of Western Africa • Oyo Empire • Segu Tukulor Empire • Asante Empire • Benin Empire • Kongo kingdom Photo: Asante king adorned with gold

  19. Ottoman Empire • Muslim • Great traders across Europe, N Africa and Asia • Sultan was the “landlord” and people left to own beliefs but many convert to Islam. • Math, astronomy, sciences, literature, architecture

  20. B. Coming of Europeans to Western Africa

  21. Reasons for European Exploration • Europeans came to West Africa in the 15th century • They came for reasons of: • Gold • God • Glory

  22. Effects of European Exploration 1. Trade: gold, ivory, pepper, etc.

  23. Effects (contd.) 2. Kidnapping of millions of Africans along the coast 3. Construction of forts and castles 4. Beginning of trans-Atlantic slave trade. 5. More direct control develops by 1800’s.

  24. http://flocabulary.com/middle-ages-africa/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uakAVGi30ps

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