French and Indian War

1. French and Indian War Pages 132-141

2. I. Powers in America • What European countries owned land in America in 1750? English colonies France: New France Spain: New Spain

3. England and France have had a history of trouble. 1689-1748 3 wars! • Advantages & Problems • Problem for French: They had the key problem of attracting a large population to move and stay in New France.

4. The English colonies out populated the French by: 15 to 1

5. Map:

6. How did the French strengthen their defense of their land? They built forts along key rivers and lakes.

7. Why along key rivers? Rivers were the “Highways through the wilderness.” The French wanted to force the English to attack by marching through the wilderness.

8. Both sides will receive Native American allies. Which side obtained help and support from the Natives the easiest? France

9. Why? Their major way of making a living was fur trapping and trading. For the English it was farming. The French often lived with the Native Amers. in the wilderness. English farmers took land from the natives to farm.

10. Why did Native Amers get involved in the conflict? -The war deals with the land they are living on; -No matter who won, they will have to deal with the winner; -If they help the winner, they may receive benefits after the war; Enemy tribes joined a side forcing them to pick a side.

11. II. The Conflict Begins • What region of America will the conflict begin? Ohio River Valley

12. English fur trappers began venturing into the Ohio River Valley. French fur trappers would fight with them.

13. What should the French soldiers do? The French govt. ordered them “to drive from the Ohio River any European foreigners & do so in such a way that will make them lose all taste for trying to return.”

14. English Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia claimed that Virginia really owns land across the Appalachian Mts. into the Ohio River Valley. • According to the French this was part of New France.

15. Govr. Dinwiddie will send a 22 yr. old farmer with a message for the French commander in the Ohio River Valley. • Who will be this volunteer? George Washington • Message said The French must leave the Ohio R. Valley. • French Answer: No On his way back to Va. Washington feels he is a hunted person.

16. What assignment will the governor give Washington next? Go back into the Ohio River Valley with a group of men 1. What are they to do? to build an English fort on French land.

17. Where? P 138 Build a fort where the Monongahela R. and Allegheny R. meet to form the Ohio River.

18. What will Washington & his men find there when they arrived? A large, new powerful French fort named Fort Duquesne was already there. • What does he do now? Build an English fort at another place along a river.

19. Name for the fort: Ft. Necessity

20. Before the fort is completed it is attacked by a force of French troops and Indian allies. • Washington is forced to surrender • Washington and his men are stripped of their weapons and released. England declares war on France

21. III. The French and Indian War Begins • Years: 1754-1763 • In Europe it is called The Seven Years War • War erupts in Europe too. • Sides • England and her Indian allies Iroquois Confederation • French and her Indian allies Huron & Algonquians & several others

22. 3. Later the Spanish will enter the war on which side? French

23. Pictures

24. IV. European Style of Warfare • How were battles fought in Europe? Armies marched in lines Often flags and a drum & bugle corp. marched in front On the battlefield, armies lined up in rows and fired at each other;then hand to hand Commanding officers often stayed on high ground in the rear and sent orders from there.

25. Armies often wore brightly colored uniforms

26. IV. “Bull Dog Braddock” • Despite many advantages, in the early years of the war the French were winning in America

27. The British sent a few of their best/most proven generals from Europe to America. One was… Gen. Edward Braddock British Commander-in- Chief in America. “Bull Dog Braddock”

28. Braddock planned an attack on what fort? FT. Duquesne

29. Braddock marched his army into the wilderness. He had to build a road through the wilderness to move baggage carts and cannon. He had 1900 men including a few Americans

30. How did the baggage carts affect the army’s progress? It slowed the army forcing them to clear a road through difficult terrain.

31. Who was traveling with Braddock’s army? G. Washington was commanding a group of American troops. He warned Braddock of the dangers of building the road and using the same tactics as in Europe.

32. Results: French soldiers, trappers, and Indians ambushed Braddock’s army. Sharpshooters shot from behind trees. Braddock had 5 horses shot from under him before he is killed.

33. Results continued Washington escaped but found 4 bullet holes in his coat. ½ of the British force was killed or wounded.

34. As the army retreated, what strange thing did Washington and a few other men do? Braddock’s body will be placed in a cart. It will be moved down the road away from the chaos of battle. Washington & a few others bury him in the middle of the road where retreating horses and men will walk over the grave. They did this out of respect for him.

35. For the rest of the war, what assignment will G. Washington have? He is in command of a small force of Virginia volunteers to patrol the Virginia frontier.

36. v. A New Prime Minister • In English govt. their prime minister is most equal to our? President B. Who will become the new prime minister who will change the focus to successfully winning in America? William Pitt

37. England finally begins to turn the war in their favor in America. • Ft. Duquesne is taken and renamed: Fort Pitt • What American city will this become? Pittsburgh Ft. Pitt blockhouse is the oldest structure in the city.

38. VI. Attack on Quebec • Why was Quebec an important city in New France? It was the capital city and rich trading center.

39. B. Defenses of the city: Located along the St. Lawrence River; Part of the city sits on a bluff. Walls protect the city; Plains of Abraham have the most defenses. A garrison of troops protect the city.

40. Quebec, 1700

41. Who was the British general who will be successful in taking the city? Gen. Wolfe • How does he do it? He transports 4,000 soldiers by ship down the St. Lawrence. Before reaching Quebec they use small boats at night to row to the base of the city.

42. Wolfe & his army climb the bluff at night and gather on the Plains of Abraham. • The next morning French commander Montcalm is surprised to find an enemy army outside the gates of his city.

43. What was his mistake? He marched his army out of the safety of the city to do battle with the British on the Plains of Abraham. G. Results: The French were defeated. Both commanding generals were killed.

44. Next Montreal is taken. I. The French ask for peace.

45. VII. The Peace Treaty • Name/Year: Treaty of Paris of 1763 • Terms: Compare maps p 133 & 140 1. Britain wins the war. 2. Britain receives all French land east of the Mississippi River.

46. 3. Spain receives French West of the Miss. R. 4. Spain gives to Britain Florida. 5. France may keep a few sugar growing islands in the Caribbean.