Organization of the Body and General Systems

1. Organization of the Body and General Systems

2. What are humans? • Organisms are classified as human because they are: • Animals • Vertebrates • Possess backbones • Mammals • Possess: • Mammary glands • Hair • Endothermy (i.e., we generate heat internally) • Heterodonty (i.e., we have teeth w/ different shapes and functions) • 3 middle ear bones.

3. Notes Unit 1 • Anatomy: study of the structure of the human body • Physiology: study of the functions/ activities of structures of the human body • Anatomical Position: Body upright, arms/legs straight, palms forward, feet flat and eyes open • Bilateral Symmetry: arrangement of body parts along a central axis, so that the body is divided into equal right and left halves • Human Body

4. Can Anatomy & Physiology Be Separated? • NO!!!!! Absolutely not! • Structure and function are undeniably connected. We cannot divorce them. • What do we mean by this? • Can you eat soup with a fork? • Find 2 everyday items and determine whether/how their structure (anatomy) relates to their function (physiology • When you consider the structure of an organ, cell, or anything for that matter you must also consider its function!

5. Why Are Levels of Structure Important? • In this class, we’ll study all levels and see how they work together to create structures and allow them to function. • In essence, the combination of these different yet connected levels allows life to proceed. • But we must also be aware of emergent properties. • Things are often much more than simply a sum of their parts. • Consider a hammer which is made of a head and a handle. Either piece by itself is of little use to drive a nail – but put together, they perform the task quite easily. • Or consider table salt – sodium chloride (NaCl). By themselves, chlorine is a poisonous gas and sodium an explosive metal. But when bound together, they create something much, much different. • We must be aware of emergent properties as well as reducing structures to their component parts.

6. Hierarchy of Organization

7. Directional Terms Above Below To Midline To Side To Surface To core To front To back Extremity near trunk Extremity away from trunk Nose Sup. to chin Stomach inf. to head Sternum med. to shoulders Ears lat. to nose Skin sup. to heart Lungs deep to ribs Toes vent. to heel Spine dors. to sternum Elbow is prox. to wrist Toes dist. to knee

8. Directional Terms

9. Body Planes and Directions • Sagittal- divides body in left and right • Coronal- divides body in anterior and post • Transverse- divides Body inn superior and Inferior • Red =Vertical Plane • Blue=Horizontal Plane

10. Stayin’ Alive • -Your body has about 100 trillion cells in it. • -For your life to NOT end abruptly, these cells need to have the correct amount of: • -Oxygen • -Nutrients • -Waste removal • -Heat • -Ions (sodium, calcium, etc.) • -Lots of other stuff

11. Organ Systems • Total of 11…“Run Mrs. Lidec” • Gonads which make sex producing hormones/cells; development of the fetus • Kidney, bladder, urethrafilters blood/body fluid balance • Brain/Spinal cord/nerves, Multiple fxn’s • Ind. Muscles and groups, responsible for movement, etc. • Nose  Alveoli, exchange of gases • Bones, support/protect/make blood • Node/spleen/tonsilsprotection,return of fluids • Skin/Hairmake Vit. D/prevent desiccation • MouthAnus, nutrients and water to the body • Hormone Makers! Hypothalamus, thyroid, adr. • Heart/Vessels, Transportation