The Spread of Islam

1. The Spread of Islam Chapter 9 Section 2 Pages 262-267

2. Muhammad’s Successors Priorities Expansion of Territory • Muhammad had not named successor • No clear candidate • Abu Bakr, close companion, early convert, chosen leader, called caliph, “successor” • Abu Bakr focused on bringing back bedouin tribes • Built strong Arab fighting forces to keep tribes under control • Reunified Arabia, led forces north • Abu Bakr, successor Umar, expanded Muslim rule rapidly • 637 early victory against Persian forces in Iraq • 642 victory over Persian Empire complete Islam after Muhammad’s Death The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a challenge for the Muslim community. Who would lead the group and keep it unified? The answer affected the faith’s spread and its future.

3. More Expansion • More Expansion • After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy Byzantine Empire to west • Byantines first lost Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem • 639, Byzantine province of Egypt fell; 642, rest of Nile Valley under Arab rule • Empire • Only 10 years after Muhammad’s death, followers had created empire • Conquests continued under later caliphs • 661, caliphate stretched from northern Africa in west to Persia in East

4. More Expansion • Internal Conflict and Division • Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph • Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali • 644, Ali lost again, to Uthman, supported by powerful Meccaclan Umayyad

5. Sunnis and Shias Ali’s Troubles • Most Muslims accepted Umayyad caliph, Mu’awiya • Called Sunnis, “followers of the Sunna,” or “way of the Prophet” • Ruled contrary to belief in equality • Ali’s supporters refused to go along with Umayyads. • Became known as the Shia, “party of Ali” • Umayyads had been Muhammad’s enemies, converted reluctantly, were unpopular • Uthman killed by rebels • Ali became caliph, but troubles had just begun • Civil war broke out between Ali’s forces, Umayyad; Ali killed, Umayyad retook control Civil War

6. Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s descendants Ali’s descendants, Muhammad’s true heirs Shia called each of Ali’s successors imam Imam means “leader” For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an. The Shia and Imams

7. Conflict • Conflict deepened between Sunni, Shia after deaths of Mu’awiya, Ali • Many thought Yazid, Mu’awiya’s son, successor, not a good Muslim • Muhammad’s grandson, Husayn, led rebellion against Yazid • Husayn, forces defeated in battle at Karbala, Iraq • Further Division • Husayn killed while holding infant son, battle became known as the martyrdom of Husayn; split between Sunni, Shia has remained bitter • Third group developed within Islam—the Sufis • Sufis seek mystical, personal connection with God, using range of practices including breath control and meditation in rituals

9. Find the Main Idea What was the result of the succession conflict? Answer(s): Two different Muslim groups emerged—the Sunni and the Shia

10. Continued Expansion Military Conquests • Umayyads strengthened rule after death of Husayn • Achievements: • Established Arabic as official language • Made coinage uniform throughout empire • Began first great work of Islamic architecture, Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem • Armies conquered territory to borders of China, Indus River Valley, to east • Took northern Africa, most of Spain, to west • Conquests spread Muslim faith, while allowing religious freedom for People of the Book; some restrictions, taxes for Non-Muslims however The Umayyad Dynasty Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. Internal problems weakened the Umayyads, though, and led to their fall.

11. Ruling the Empire • Umayyads strengthened central government as caliphate grew in size • Arab Muslims became ruling class, with power, privilege unavailable to those they conquered • Creation of privileged class conflicted with strong Muslim ideal of equality • Wars over succession also upsetting to many faithful, unhappy with emphasis on political ambition

12. Rebellion End of the Umayyads • Displeasure with Umayyads widespread • Shia continued opposition • Also unrest among conquered people, some Arab tribes • Umayyads weakened by discontent, time ripe for rebellion • Abbasids, led by descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, united many Umayyad opponents by appearing to support their causes • Abbasids wiped out Umayyads in series of battles, late 740s • Caliphate entered Abbasid dynasty Ruling the Empire

13. Sequence What events brought about the end of the Umayyad dynasty? Answer(s): A family called the Abbasids took advantage of discontent with the Umayyads and established a new caliphate.

14. The Abbasid Dynasty • Baghdad • Abbasids relocated capital of caliphate; rulers lived in splendor • Chose Baghdad, on Tigris River, in present-day Iraq • Persian Influence • Move to Baghdad beginning of end of Arab domination of Muslim world • Abbasids adopted Persian style of government • Government • Rulers cut off from people • Caliph hidden behind screen in throne room, could not be seen • Used Persian officials; vizier, deputy, oversaw affairs of state • Change in Islam • Nature of Islam changed • Abbasids invited all to join in, turned Islam into universal religion, attracted people of many cultures

15. Funding for Change Importance of Trade • Trade helped fund cultural achievement • Most prominent Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid, helped bring culture to great heights, 786 to 809 • Support of scholarship helped produce lasting achievements of Islamic arts, sciences • Islam spread through trade • Muslim traders journeyed from end to end of caliphate, exchanging goods and information • Exchange brought Islam to West Africa, Southeast Asia A Changing Culture

16. Contrast How did the Abbasids differ from the Umayyads? Answer(s): The Abbasids focused more on prosperity and cultural advancement than on empire expansion.

17. Challenges from Europe Problems from Egypt • European Christians weakened Muslim rule • Christian armies began to drive Muslims out of Spain, 1000s • European Christians began Crusades • Wanted to make Holy Land Christian, won at first • Muslims eventually retook Jerusalem • 969, serious threat, Fatimid dynasty established in Egypt • Claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah • From Egypt, controlled Mediterranean, Red Sea • Disrupted Abbasid trade • Fatamids soon richer, more powerful than Abbasids The End of Unity As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power weakened. By the 900s, a number of small, independent states broke away from the caliphate.

18. Seljuk Turks and Others • Seljuk Turks • Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate, including Turks • 1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad • Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph • War Against Byzantine Empire • Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids, went to war against Byzantine Empire, defeated Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert • Seljuks would go on to create own empire • Mamluks and Mongols • 1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt, Syria • 1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished • Islam still a vital force, spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia

19. Summarize What forces ended the unity of the caliphate? Answer(s): Abbasids lost political power when small independent states broke away.

20. GROG 9.2 Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by writing two important facts about key eras in the spread of Islam.

21. Society and Culture Chapter 9 Section 3 Pages 270-274

22. Bell Ringer 9.3 Write a paragraph in which you describe the succession issues facing the Muslim community after Muhammad’s death.

23. Society and Culture Main Idea For the first Muslims, Islam was more than a religion. It was a guide to political, social and cultural life. The early Muslims responded with spectacular achievement in many fields. • Reading Focus • What were some key features of Muslim society? • What were some of the accomplishments of Muslim scholarship? • What were some of the contributions to the arts made by Muslim artists?

24. The Family Women • Islam set forth roles within family • Man head of family • Men could have several wives • Husbands supposed to treat all wives equally • Rights of women, children protected • Rights of women varied from clan to clan prior to Islam • According to Qur’an, women equal to men before Allah • Women could inherit property, seek divorce in some cases • Played vital roles • Went into battle • Influenced politics • Lost status in Abbasid dynasty Muslim Society Islam affected almost all aspects of daily life, providing guidance on how Muslims should deal with many issues.

25. Slavery • Islamic texts also addressed slavery, common in Muslim Empire • Qur’an did not condemn slavery, required slaves be treated fairly • Freeing slaves praised as religious act • Treatment of slaves improved, but remained part of society, economy • Economy • Economic life of Muslim community built largely on commerce • Merchants followed trade routes east, west across Arabian Peninsula • Traders developed practical business methods, spread use of coinage, standardized weights, measures, extended credit • Trade provided much of wealth to maintain empire, spread faith

26. Identify What are three aspects of life that are addressed in Islamic texts? Answer(s): family life, slavery, and trade relationships

27. Muslim Scholarship A Culture of Learning Vastness of Caliphate Contributions • Scholarship thrived in the Muslim world • Islam commanded followers to examine their world, seek evidence of Allah in its wonders • Caliphate vast, included many different cultures • Particularly influential were Greek, Persian, Indian civilizations • Translation into Arabic of works of ancient Greece • Much work took place at House of Wisdom, maintained by government at Baghdad Learning added to Muslim cultural unity. Scholars made essential contributions in several fields. Many later European intellectual achievements grew out of the work of Muslim scholars.

28. Muslim Spain Translations • Exchange point for much of knowledge • Muslim scholar of Cordoba, IbnRushd wrote commentaries on Aristotle • His work on relationship between reason, faith influenced not just Muslim but also Jewish, Christian thinking into the 1400s • Through translations from Greek, texts from Hippocrates, Euclid, Galen, Ptolemy made available to new audiences • Texts stimulated further study throughout Muslim world • Influence of texts extended to Europe; eventually translated into Latin, made available to European scholars Valuable Contributions

29. Astronomy • Discoveries • Muslim scholars explored astronomy, some stars still bear names given by Muslim discoverers • Astronomy came to Muslim world through texts from Persia, India • Almagest • Most important influence on astronomy, Ptolemy’s work, first translated into Arabic 800s • Described movements of heavenly bodies, gave tables for predicting paths

30. Astronomy • Astronomers • Muslim astronomers built observatories; helped create calendar still in use • Muslims needed to predict phases of moon to plan religious festivals • Perfected astrolabe, used in navigation to plot positions of stars, planets

31. Muslims also made advances in mathematics From India, adopted symbols 0 through 9 Making its way to Europe, this system became known as Arabic numerals Algebra and trigonometry also came from Muslim thinkers Mathematics

32. Other Fields of Study History • Geographers made many strides • Empire included many different lands, people • Pilgrims needed to find way to Mecca, travel guides written • One geographer measured earth’s circumference with much accuracy • 1300s, IbnKhaldun wrote history of world • Historians still interested in comments • Warned against basic errors like bias, praising rulers too highly in order to gain favor Medicine and Beyond • Medicine highly developed in the Muslim world • Doctors in Baghdad had to pass rigorous tests in order to practice • Baghdad had world’s first school of pharmacy • Muslim doctors developed many skills, including eye surgery • Scores of different instruments invented, perfected • Ibn Sina most well-known medical scholar of time

33. Summarize What were some of the fields in which Muslim scholars excelled? Answer(s): astronomy, medicine, mathematics, philosophy, history

34. Arts and Literature • Artistic Expression • Like scholarly life, Muslim artistic expression rich, varied • Developed distinctive features, influenced by many cultures in vast empire • Islamic Art • Muslim artists worked in range of materials, wood, metal, ceramics, textiles • Religious art does not contain human, animal figures • Idolatry • Believed portraying people, animals could tempt worship • Worshipping anyone, anything besides Allah the worst possible sin • Patterns, Designs • Avoidance of figures led to use of geometric patterns, floral designs • Intricate design known as an arabesque

35. Another distinctive feature of Islamic art, calligraphy—beautifully styled writing Artists who produced copies of Qur’an sought perfection in reproduction of word of Allah Artful representation of words became central part of Islamic art Calligraphy appears on walls of mosques, adorns many household objects Calligraphy

36. Architecture in Muslim world also developed distinctive features Several forms, plans for building mosques developed All have features in common Minarets, tall towers from which faithful called to prayer Domes Some show Persian, Turkish influence in designs Muslim Architecture

37. Literature • Qur’an • Most significant written work in Islam is Qur’an itself • Clear style, message have won millions of converts to the faith • Influenced later development of Arabic language • Nonreligious works • Arabian Nights tells how beautiful young woman saved herself and other women from murderous caliph • The tales were collected over time, include contributions from many countries • Poets • Produced works in several different languages • Jalal ad-Din Rumi’s Persian language poems of 1200s still recited today • Omar Khayyam’sThe Rubaiyat celebrates simple pleasures

38. Identify Supporting Details What are some features that identify Islamic art? Answer(s): use of geometric patterns and floral designs, calligraphy

39. GROG 9.3 Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by recording details of Islamic society and culture

40. Kingdoms of West Africa Chapter 10 Section 3 Pages 295-301

41. Bell Ringer 10.3 Write and deliver a brief speech in which you summarize the major achievements of Muslim scientists and scholars.

42. Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa: Crash Course World History #16 - YouTube#action=share Crash Course

43. The Kingdoms of West Africa Main Idea The expansion of trade across the Sahara led to the development of great empires and other states in West Africa. • Reading Focus • How did trade contribute to the rise of Ghana? • How did strong rulers build the empire of Mali? • What were the greatest achievements of the Songhai Empire? • What other societies arose in West Africa?

44. The Rise of Ghana Desert Travel Goods for Gold • Ghana had many resources, but location delayed development as trading empire • Had no easy access to sea • Sahara desert blocked overland trade routes • First few centuries AD, North African traders learned how to cross Sahara • Traveled in large caravans with camels • Camels did not need much water, could survive trip across harsh desert • Once traders began crossing Sahara, Ghana became key player in African trade • Berber traders traded food, hard goods, copper, salt for gold • Ghana traded salt to people in south, where salt scarce Empire of Ghana Trade was vital to the societies of West Africa. That region produced valuable resources—notably gold—that brought high prices. By the 800s, rulers of Ghana had used the wealth from these products to create a huge, powerful empire.

45. A Trading Empire • Control • 800 AD, Ghana controlled nearly all trade of salt, gold in sub-Saharan Africa • Capital, Koumbi-Saleh, located between Ghana’s gold mines, desert trade routes, was preferred trading place • Salt Taxes • Ghana’s kings built great wealth taxing goods brought to empire’s markets • Majority of taxes charged on salt: charged fee for each load of salt brought into Ghana from north, larger fee for each load exported to south

46. A Trading Empire • Gold Supply Scarce • Gold not taxed the same; taxes might discourage traders from buying gold • To keep gold prices high, kings ruled only they could own large gold nuggets • Others could only own gold dust; kept location of gold mines secret • This kept supply of gold scarce; kept market from being flooded

47. Money from trade, taxes allowed kings to live lavish lifestyle Luxury surrounding kings described by Muslim writer who visited Ghana: “He sits in a pavilion around which stand ten pages holding shields and gold-mounted swords: and on his right hand are the sons of the princes of the empire, splendidly clad and with gold plaited into their hair.” Ghana’s kings also used wealth to build up huge army when needed Used army to conquer other peoples in area Captured people sold as slaves to Muslim traders Kings of Ghana

48. Results of Conflict Attempts at Expansion • Almoravids controlled capital temporarily • Ghana’s empire was weakened • King unable to deal with rebellion in part of empire • Soon Ghana fell into decline; new empire took its place • Mid-1000s, Ghana’s empire rich and powerful • King tried to expand to north into lands controlled by Almoravids, a Muslim Berber kingdom • Attempt led to long war • In 1076, Almoravids captured Koumbi-Saleh, Ghana’s capital Ghana’s Decline

49. Summarize How did the kings of Ghana become wealthy? Answer(s): by taxing salt and gold, by controlling the price of gold

50. Rise of Mali Sundiata • Founders of Mali, Malinke had been active in Ghana’s gold trade • 1230, grew frustrated with policies of neighboring peoples, rose up to conquer them; became leading power in West Africa • Leader of Mali’s rise to power, king named Sundiata • After conquest, Sundiata ruled 25 years • Story of reign, accomplishments told in epic, also called Sundiata Mali Empire After Ghana’s decline, no one kingdom controlled trans-Saharan trade. In the 1230s, the empire of Mali rose to power on the same territory. Mali expanded to the Atlantic Ocean and became a wealthy and sophisticated empire. Mali reached its height in the 1300s under the reign of a mansa, or king, named Musa.