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Understanding Latin Subjunctive Tenses and Usage

Learn about the Latin subjunctive mood, its tenses, and how to form the imperfect subjunctive. Discover the differences between indicative and subjunctive moods in Latin. Master the usage of the Latin subjunctive with practical examples.

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Understanding Latin Subjunctive Tenses and Usage

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  1. LATIN II Subjunctive Mood I

  2. Indicative vs. Subjunctive • So far we have been using the indicative mood. It is the mood of fact and actuality. • The subjunctive mood is one of possibility, hypothetical, conditional, conjecture.

  3. Subnjunctive in English • Generally, the subjunctive mood is translated with words like should, could, would, might, may in English but the Romans are very specific about its use.

  4. Latin Subjunctive • Rather than over compare the Latin subjunctive to English, it is best to learn where the Romans prefer the subjunctive use. This is an area where Latin and English differ in mood usage.

  5. Latin Subjunctive: tenses • The subjunctive mood has 4 tenses in the active and passive voices: • Present • Imperfect • Perfect • Pluperfect

  6. Latin Subjunctive: tenses • There is no future or future perfect subjunctive since the mood itself is futuristic.

  7. Imperfect Subjunctive • The imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the personal endings onto the end of the present infinitive of the verb (2nd principal part). This even works for esse (the verb “to be”).

  8. Imperfect Subjunctive - sum • Imperfect subjunctive of sum • ESSEM • ESSES • ESSET • ESSEMUS • ESSETIS • ESSENT

  9. Imperfect Subjunctive - formula • The infinitive of the verb plus… • m • s • t • mus • tis • nt

  10. Imperfect Subjunctive – amo • amo, amare • amarem • amares • amaret • amaremus • amaretis • amarent

  11. Imperfect Subjunctive - moneo • moneo, monere • monerem • moneres • moneret • moneremus • moneretis • monerent

  12. Imperfect Subjunctive - rego • rego, regere • regerem • regeres • regeret • regeremus • regeretis • regerent

  13. Imperfect subjunctive - audio • audio, audire • audirem • audires • audiret • audiremus • audiretis • audirent

  14. Imperfect Subjunctive Passive– amo • amo, amare • amarer • amareris • amaretur • amaremur • amaremini • amarentur To form the imperfect passive just use the passive endings instead of the active.

  15. Subjunctive – ut clauses • A common use of the subjunctive in Latin is the result clause. The result for “whatever is stated in the main” is in the subjunctive. Look for the Latin word UT to divide the sentence or UT…NON for a negative. See the following example.

  16. Subjunctive – Result clauses • Result Clause • The journey was so long that as a result the boy was tired. • Iter tam longum erat ut puer esset defessus. • An “ut” clause has its verb in the subjunctive; negative is “ut….non.”

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