Unit 5: Social Change

1. Unit 5: Social Change Ch 16: Population and Urbanization Ch 17: Social Change andCollective Behavior

2. Why study population patterns? Population affects ________________, especially in _________ areas. Patterns help sociologists understand + predict how groups of people will ______. Ex: The growth of ___________ has benefited the Democratic Party more than Republicans. Population can put a strain on future generations as they have to take care of a larger group of _________________. Ch 16 – Population and Urbanization

3. Population statistics A population is a group of people living in a particular place at a ______________. Demography is the scientific study of ________. Demos is a Greek word meaning “______”. When studying a population demographers look at many factors such as: Size: # of people _________: how + where they are located ____________: what groups make up the population Age structure: ages represented in the population ________: births Mortality: deaths _________: movement from one place to another

4. Fertility The Duggar Family Measures the actual # of children born to a woman or to a _____________________. Fecundity is the potential # of children that could be born if every woman reproduced as often as ________ ________. Of course, fertility rates are _____________ fecundity rates. The highest realistic fecundity rate expected from a society would be about ____ births per woman. The crude birth rate is the annual # of ________ per 1,000 members of a population. Crude Birth Rate = X 1,000 The fertility rate is the annual # of live births per 1,000 women _____________ The total fertility rate is the average # of children born to a woman ________________. Health + social factors (such as average age at marriage, ___________________, attitudes towards birth control, etc…) all influence the birth rate. # of live births total population

5. Mortality _________ w/in a population. To analyze patterns of mortality, sociologists look at life span + life expectancy: Life span is the ______________ to which humans can survive. (Currently around ___ yrs – but obviously few people make it anywhere near that). Life expectancy is the _________ # of yrs that people in a given population born at a particular time can expect to live to. The crude death rate is the annual # of deaths per 1,000 members of a population. Crude Death Rate = X 1,000 The worldwide crude death rate is _______, but varies widely around the world. The infant mortality rate is the # of deaths among infants ___________ of age per 1,000 live births. # of deaths_ total population

11. Migration The movement of people from one ____________ to another. Can be from one country to another or w/in a country (Ex. the “great migration”). The gross migration rate into or out of an area is the # of people per 1,000 members of a population who ___________ a geographic area in a given yr. Net migration is the __________ b/w the # of people entering + leaving an area. Ex. 500 enter + 200 leave, so the net migration is ______. The net migration rate is the annual or per 1,000 members In 2003, the net migration rate for the US was _______ per 1,000. When the Census Bureau reports migration rates, it only includes the # of ______________. Thus, many illegal immigrants go ___________. End Section 1

12. World population growth No organization has ever counted all people in the world. Instead, they count the most reliable census data where available + ____________ where it’s not. A census is a regularly occurring _______ of a particular population. Rapid world population growth is a relatively _______________. The doubling time (# of yrs needed to double the base population size) of the world has been _______ as the world’s population faster + faster. Why is it growing so fast? Exponential growth (growth in which the amount of is added to the based figure each time period). Better nutrition/___________ _____________

14. Malthus + population growth In 1798, economist Thomas Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population. It described the relationship b/w population growth + ____________________. Key ideas: Population growth, if unchecked, would ______________ leading to overpopulation, famine, + poverty. Checks on population can be positive + preventative. Positive checks are factors that ________ (plagues, wars, etc…) + preventive checks ________ (which back then mostly consisted of abstinence + delayed ___________). The wealthy + __________ already exercised preventive checks. He emphasized the importance of education + _________________.

15. The demographic transition theory States that population growth is a function of the level of ____________________ in a country. Malthus brought attention to the relationship b/w population growth + economic development, but there are 2 things he hadn’t considered: _____________________ + reliable methods of ___________________. The demographic transition theory takes them into account + describes 4 stages of population growth: Stage 1: Both birth rate + death rate are ______. Population growth is ____. __________ are at this stage today. Stage 2: Birth rate is ____ + death rate is ___ due to better health care + food production. Population growth is _______. Most of _______________ is at this stage. Stage 3: Birth rate __________, but death rate continues to go ___. Population growth is still ___. Many ______________ countries are at this stage. Stage 4: Both birth + death rates are ______. Population growth is ____ if at all. The US, Canada, __________, + Japan are at this stage.

17. Future world population growth World population growth reached its peak in the late _____ at 2.04%. The current growth rate is around ____%. It’s projected to drop to zero by _______. But even though the rate of growth is , the population itself is _______________. There are currently over ________ people in the world. By 2025, there will be ________. By the time the world’s population reaches zero population growth (a situation in which deaths are balanced by births so that the population doesn’t grow), it is predicted to be at ____________. The population momentum is the ______________ population growth immediately b/c of a previously high rate of growth. It would take _______ yrs for the population to stabilize if all women were to immediately only have ____ children each. The replacement level is the birth rate at which a couple replaces itself w/o adding to the population (about ________).

18. Population control Refers to the conscious attempt to regulate population size through ___________________ ___________. Historically, high birth rates were ________ to serve as replacement for high death rates, children to work parents’ farms + take care of them in old age, raise large armies, + b/c some countries had __________ against birth control. This changed in the middle of the 1900s as some countries began to see high birth rates as a _______ to their well being. Family planning is the __________ of population control methods. Countries that use this method of population control may fund family planning education, provide birth control materials, etc… This approach has _____________.

19. "For a prosperous, powerful nation and a happy family, please use birth planning." Gov.’t sign in area of Nanchang where pregnant women hide. Rural Sichuan roadside sign: "It is forbidden to discriminate against, mistreat or abandon baby girls." Compulsory population control methods have been used in China + Singapore. They do this through a system of ___________________, such as higher ____ for families w/ more than 1 child + more gov.’t assistance for families w/ only 1 child. Successful, but _____________. Introduced in China in the 1970s to make sure they could _______ all their people. People in cities are allowed only _______ (unless the couple is an ethnic minority or both are only children). In rural areas, they’re permitted ____ children. Enforced w/ financial penalties, + in the past, forced _________ + sterilizations. Frequently ________ (a woman might go away + come back w/ a “relative’s” child or claim they adopted the child). Since males are traditionally valued over females, it has led to numerous _______ of female fetuses + to an unbalanced _________________. China announced in March 2008 that it will ________________ for at least another 10 yrs.

20. Population pyramids Are graphic representations of the age + sex ____________________. They show _______ + ________ rates, which can be used to predict school, housing, + health resource needs, etc… They also show the dependency ratio which is the ratio of dependent people (those under 15 + over 64) to ___________________ people. Developing nations have a higher _______ dependency + developed nations have a higher __________ dependency. So countries w/ a higher youth dependency have to worry more about funding for schools + other youth programs, while countries w/ a higher old-age dependency have to worry about programs like Medicare, Social Security, etc…

22. Changes in Japan’s Population Structure

24. China’s Population Structure End Section 2

25. Cities Dense + ____________ concentrations of people living in a specific area + working primarily in _________________. In the US, a city must have ________ people. In Sweden it’s only 200 people + Japan it’s 30,000 . Urbanization is the process by which an increasingly larger portion of the world’s population lives _______________. Early cities appeared about ___________ yrs ago. Ur, one of the world’s 1st major cities (located in modern day ____) only had about 24,000 people. Rome during the time of the Roman empire had b/w ½ - 1 mil people. Preindustrial cities arose due to improving __________ techniques. 4 types of people tended to come to early cities: _______ – to consolidate political, military, +/or religious power. Functionaries – political +/or religious officials who _________________ of the elites. _________ – to work + sell their products. The poor – hoping to find _____ (but rarely able to).

26. Modern cities arose after the ______________ ________ followed by the ________________. Factories led to larger groups of people living + working in the same areas particularly areas near _________________ (water, mines, etc…). Currently about ½ of the world’s population live in urban areas. In developed countries it’s about ____% of the population + in developing countries about ____%. In developing countries, there is a larger supply of _______ from the countryside coming into the cities than there are ___________. This has led to overurbanization (a situation in which a city cannot supply adequate ______________ for its inhabitants). In _________ countries, there tend to be a few large cities, more medium cities, + many small cities. Whereas _________ countries often only have __________________________.

27. Cities in the US have been _____________ due to suburbanization (the loss of population of a city to surrounding areas), + the US is now predominantly _____________. Suburbanization became possible due to advances in technology in __________ (phones, tv, computers, internet, etc…) + ____________ (trains, highways, cars, etc…). This makes it easier for people to _________________ + to stay in touch w/ others. Suburbs are attractive to many people b/c of their less crowding + traffic, ________, better schools, less crime, + less pollution. In the mid 1900s, cities lost people during the “white flight” (upper + middle class whites moving to _______, leaving behind a disproportionate # of minorities + ________________) +businesses also left due to lower tax rates, less expensive land, less congestion, + more customers. This led to a central city dilemma for many cities (having a high # of minorities + poor people w/ less tax $ to help w/ ______________________). Suburbanization in the US

28. Some cities are being __________ through gentrification (the development of low-income areas by ____________ homebuyers, landlords, + professional developers). Additionally, in recent years, more ________ have been moving back to some cities. Edge cities have formed. An edge city is a suburban unit specializing in a particular activity – it’s a smaller, more focused version of an ______________. It may specialize in technology, financial services, etc… They’re kind of like a city w/in a city but w/ no formal ______________________ them. End Section 3

29. Urban ecology The study of the relationships b/w humans + ______________________. Researchers look at things like how areas w/in the same city are different, how they _____________, + what processes change them. There are 4 major theories about city growth: Concentric zone theory Sector theory Multiple nuclei theory Peripheral theory None of these theories explain city environments ________, but can tell much when put together.

30. The concentric zone theory Describes urban growth in terms of ______ areas that grow from the central city outward. The innermost circles in the ____________ ______ + the heart of the city. It contains major gov.’t + private office buildings, major stores, + entertainment facilities. The property values are very high which pushes out _________________. The zone surrounding it is the zone in ___________. The property there is often bought + rented out for profit for businesses or apartments. Often this area is not taken care of properly + contains ________. The surrounding zones are used for ______. Many northern cities developed this way.

31. The sector theory Emphasizes the importance of _____________ ________ in the process of urban growth. Sectors tend to be ____________ w/ wedges radiating from the central business district to the city’s outskirts. Each sector is organized around a major transportation route. Sectors will be predominantly industrial or business or residential, etc… Includes Richmond, Seattle, + _____________.

32. The multiple nuclei theory The peripheral theory Focuses on specific _____________________ influences on urban growth. These cities aren’t dependent on a ________ _______. Instead, they have several separate centers (such as manufacturing, retail, residential, etc…). These separate centers developed due to geography, history, tradition, etc… _________ is an example. Emphasizes the growth of _______ around the central city. As communication + transportation have improved in the last 50+ yrs, much of the “business” of cities is done _________ of the cities. End Section 4

33. Change in society Social change is new societal behaviors w/ important _______________________. It’s hard to predict b/c the type of change depends on the existing _______. Ex. The rise of democracy in the US included a president + congress. In Britain, they have a queen, prime minister, + parliament. Ex. Some societies only allow marriage between 1 man + 1 woman, some allow homosexuals to marry, + some allow polygamy. Ch 17 – Social Change and Collective Behavior

34. Why do some societies change faster + more dramatically than others? Change w/in a society is a result of several processes and major factors: Social processes (a series of steps leading to change on a societal level): _________ Invention Diffusion Major factors: Technology __________ Natural environment Revolution + ______

35. Processes Discovery – the process by which something is learned or _____________. Earth is round – exploration, colonization Women can learn math + science Invention – the creation of _______________ from previously existing items or processes. The more _______ the society, the _______ social change through invention occurs. Telephones – improved communications Cars – suburbs, pollution Diffusion – the process by which one culture or society _______ from another. The culture picks + chooses what it will + will not ________. Food – Chinese, Italian, Mexican, etc… Clothing – more or less modest, what’s gender appropriate, etc… Gov.’t – Democracy, Communism, etc… Language – learning an entirely new language or just some _______________.

36. Major factors Technology – knowledge + tools used to achieve ______________. Inventions become part of technology possessed. New technology is often a sign that _________ will follow. Spinning wheel The Industrial Revolution Internet ___________ – demographics stay the same or change. Changes in ages structure, religion, ethnic groups, etc… can affect societies’ __________. Natural environment – Shapes societies’ _______________________. American frontier – independent, ruggedness, etc… Resources – coal vs. oil, deserts lack water, etc… Natural disasters Revolution – the sudden + complete overthrow of an existing _____ or __________________. But they usually lead to __________, not radical change. American Revolution (many same Americans w/ power, Congress similar to Parliament, etc…) War – an _________, armed conflict w/in a society or b/w nations. Promote invention (tanks, atomic bombs) + discovery (resources + techniques). End Section 1

37. The functionalist perspective’s view on social change Functionalism emphasizes stability + continuity; however there are 2 beliefs about social change both involving the idea of _____________: 1. Equilibrium (a state of functioning + __________, maintained by a society’s tendency to make small adjustments to change) So this is about making ______ adjustments. 2. A society in change, moves from stability to ___________ then back to stability. So this is about making ______ adjustments to find a ______ _________.

38. The conflict perspective’s view on social change Believe social change is a result of struggles among groups for ________ ____________. Change occurs when the conflicts are __________ (at least temporarily). Haves vs. have nots Environmentalists vs. industrialists Gender conflicts Racial/ethnic conflicts Religious conflicts Etc…

39. The symbolic interactionist perspective’s view on social change Believe humans interact w/ others based on commonly shared symbols, + so as shared meanings , ______________ + social interaction becomes more ___________. German sociologist Ferdinard Tonnies argued that prior to industrialization, people lived in small communities w/ many _____________. After industrialization, people lost many of those common symbols that had been developed over time through a ________________. Urbanism is the distinctive way of life shared by the people living in a _______. Some agree w/ Tonnies, some don’t. Opponents argue about communities w/in cities that maintain many shared symbols such as ________________ communities. End Section 2

40. Collective behavior The __________ behavior of a group of people responding to ________________. Collectivity is a collection of people who do not _______________ + who do not share clearly defined norms. Stimuli refers to outside events or people that cause a response. This means that collective behavior is ___________. Some collective behavior occurs when people are in ____________ while others occur when a collectivity made up of people who aren’t physically connected but follow ____________ or respond to common stimuli – known as dispersed collectivity. Ex. On Sept 11th, people at the Twin Towers were in physical contact, but all Americans made up dispersed collectivity.

41. Rumors, legends, fads, + fashions People often respond to certain information in similar ways even when _________________. Rumors, fads, + fashions are collective behaviors exhibited by ________ _______________. A rumor is a widely circulating story of _______________. Urban legends are a moralistic tale which focuses on current concerns + ________. They are an expression of our fears + allow us to be shocked + horrified at others’ ____________. http://www.snopes.com/ (website that examines the truth of rumors + urban legends) Ex. Someone had a roach in their meal at a restaurant, someone got AIDs from a needle left at the movies, etc… A fad is an unusual ________ pattern that spreads rapidly + _______________________. Ex. Skateboarding, streaking, etc… A fashion is a behavior pattern that is _____________ but is expected to ___________________. Ex. Popularity of clothing labels, styles of jeans, slang, architecture, etc…

42. Mass hysteria + panics Mass hysteria occurs when collective _________ is created by acceptance of one or more _______ __________. Ex. Salem witch trials, Orson Welles’s “Men from Mars” radio broadcast, mistaken beliefs about how AIDS is spread, etc… Ends when ______ are made known. Panic is people reacting to a real threat in fearful, anxious, + often ______________ ways. Ex. Exiting buildings during fires, leaving sinking ships, etc…

43. Crowds ___________________ of people who share an immediate common interest. 4 different types: A _______ crowd: least organized, least emotional, + most ___________. Ex. gathering on a street to watch a performer. A _________ crowd: has a specific purpose + follows excepted norms for behavior. Ex. going to a baseball game or movie. An ________ crowd: have no significant or long-term purpose beyond unleashing ______. Free expression occurs like yelling, crying, laughing, jumping, etc… Ex. New Year’s Eve at Time Square, funeral procession for a fallen leader, etc… An ____ crowd: takes action to reach a _________. Another type of crowd may become an acting crowd if ____________ lead up to it. Ex. Protesters of a new law, workers picketing, etc… - _______ are also acting crowds.

44. Mobs + riots A mob is an ___________________, disorderly crowd that is ready to use destructiveness + _________ to achieve a purpose. Achieving the common purpose is essential. Everything else is a _________. Members are pressured to conform + they have ____________________. Ex. Lynching of blacks during segregation, draft protesters, etc… A riot is an episode of largely ______________ + violence carried out by a crowd. Rioters often ____________ + engage in destructive behavior to express their frustrations. No ______________, targets are often whatever + whomever is convenient. Usually triggered by a single event but caused by a _____________ issue. Ex. LA riots after trial of police charged w/ beating Rodney King.

45. 3 theories of crowd behavior The contagion theory: states that members of crowds _______ each other to higher + higher levels of emotion + __________________. People lose their individuality to the “______” of the crowd. Herbert Blumer proposed a version which has 3 stages: _______ – people move around aimlessly like cattle becoming increasingly aware of one another. _________________ – crowd becomes impulsive, unstable, + highly responsive to others. Begin to lose their own identity + take on the crowd’s. ______________ – behavior is rigid, unthinking, + irrational. Ex. Riots at soccer games, buying things randomly at an auction, etc… The emergent norm theory: states that ________ develop to guide crowd behavior. Rules develop w/in crowds - the same that govern ________. Groups w/in the crowd will act differently b/c they have different _________. Ex. some people loot while others just stand by + do nothing. The convergence theory: states that crowds are formed by people who deliberately congregate w/ ________________. So the crowds are _________ by shared values + attitudes. Ex. Protesters outside an abortion clinic. More ________ More ______ Somewhat ______ End Section 3

46. Social movements Are movements whose goal is to _________________ social change. 4 characteristics: _______ # of people A common goal to promote OR prevent social change Organized w/ __________________ Lasts a relatively _____________ They’re the most highly structured, rational, + ______ form of collective behavior. Ex. American Rev., women’s suffrage, The Civil Rights Movement, pro-life + pro-choice movements, etc… There are 4 types of social movements: Revolutionary movements attempt to change a _____ _______ (Ex. American Rev., Communist Revs.). Reformative movements attempt to make ________ changes in _____ (Ex. prohibition, women’s suffrage). Redemptive movements attempt to change ________ _________ (Ex. religious cults). Alternative movements attempt to make ________ changes to ________ (Ex. Zero Population Growth Movement).

47. The value-added theory Holds that ________________ must exist for social movements to occur. Each condition “____________”. Structural conduciveness – the surroundings/___________ must allow for the social movement to flourish (ex. allow for good communication) Structural strains – the presence of conflicts, uncertainties, + inconsistencies which provide a belief in the ___________________. Generalized beliefs – general recognition that there is a problem + it needs to be ________. Precipitating factors – one or more significant events must occur to ________ the movement. ___________ of participants for action – the movement starts. Social control – _________ social control may make the movement fail while ________ social control might give the movement more momentum.

48. The resource mobilization theory Focuses on how members of a social movement secure + use _______ needed to ________________. Resources include ______________ (Ex. leadership, organization, etc…) + ________ _______ (Ex. $, property, etc…) Movements don’t succeed w/o enough of these resources, so the movements must successfully appeal to the people who can __________ those resources. End Section 4