Reconstruction: From Hope to Backlash

1. Notes: Outcomes of Reconst • 5. South’s Counter Revolution • Rise of KKK • Sharecropping • Solid South • 6.Reconstruction Ends • Election of 1876 • Rutherford B. Hayes’ Presidency • Compromise of 1877 • Ends Reconstructions • Redeemer govts. take over

2. Notes: Outcomes of Reconst • 7. The South’s Revenge • Segregation-------Jim Crow Laws • Separate the races • poll taxes • literacy tests • grandfather clause • 8. Successes and Failures • Plessy vs. Ferguson—1896 • Legalized segregation • “separate but equal” • Social reality vs. political equality Kept Freedmen from voting and as 2nd class citizens….

3. K K K • Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle • Organized in 1867, in Polaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest. • Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers • Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could. • Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and Freedmen. KKK

4. The Ku Klux Klan The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters. They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers. They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them. Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and scalawags became their victims. The Federal Response President Grant’s War On Terrorism. The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting. Other laws banned the KKK and used the military to protect voters and voting places. As federal troops withdrew from the South, black suffrage all but ended. K K K Spreading Terror

5. kkk K K K SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION ALL HATED BY THE KKK CarpetbaggersNortherners/Republicans sent to help reconstruct the South…. ScalawagsSoutherners who helped Carpetbaggers Freedmen Blacks who tried to vote or were involved in the reconstruction of their states governments.

6. THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a mixture of people who had little in common except a desire to prosper in the postwar South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and two other groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags. • Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South became known as carpetbaggers. • Southerners gave them this insulting nickname, which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps. • Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.

7. THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH • White southern Republicans were seen as traitors and called scalawags. • This was originally a Scottish word meaning “scrawny cattle.” • Refers to one who is a “scoundrel”, reprobate or unprincipled person. • Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed secession. • Some were small farmers who resented the planter class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.

9. South’s Backlash SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION

10. kkk SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION

11. KKK Quote 3 Letter About Ku Klux Klan Terror* State of Mississippi. Monroe County. March 30, 1871 My beloved Sister: I will endeavor to answer your joyfully received letter. I must tell you something about the Ku Klux, they are raging on the other side of the River. They have whipped several white men, whipped and killed several Negroes. They whipped Colonel Huggins, the Superintendent of the free schools nearly to death, and everybody rejoiced when they heard it, for everybody hated him. He squandered the public money, buying

12. KKK Quote 3 pianofortes, organs, sofas, and furniture for the Negro School house in Aberdeen. The people are taxed beyond endurance. The Ku Klux gave him seventy lashes, and then gave him ten days to leave the country. He left and went to Jackson. There was a Regiment of Militia came into Aberdeen Friday. They are sent here to put down the Ku Klux. Huggins has come back with the Militia, but I wouldn't give a straw for his life, for he will be killed.   It is the opinion of most everybody there will be war. The Yankees coming here will make the Negroes more insolent.

13. With Country full of Yankees, things are going too far, for the free whites of the South are determined not to put up with it. A Negro can kill a white man, take it in Court, get a Negro jury, clear him and then turn him loose, things can't go on this way. We are in a most peculiar situation.     Give my love to all the Connections and write soon. Yours, Jennie *Mrs. Webb was the wife of William J. Webb, who owned and operated the City Hotel on the site of the Plainview Hotel, on the Block North of the Monroe County Courthouse, Aberdeen, Mississippi. The Shaw Family patronized this Hotel. Colonel Huggins left Aberdeen in the night and went back North. KKK Quote 3

14. KKK Quote 1

15. KKK Quote 2

16. SHARECROPPING • Sharecroppers were Freedmen and poor Whites who stayed in the South and continued to farm. • Freedmen signed a work contract with their former masters . • Picked cotton or whatever crop the landowner had. • Freedmen did not receive “40 acres and a mule”

17. SHARECROPPING • Sharecropping is primarily used in farming • Landowner provided land, tools, animals, house and charge account at the local store to purchase necessities • Freedmen provided the labor. • Sharecropping is based on the “credit” system.

18. Sharecroppers

19. Sharecroppers SHARECROPPING • Advantages • Part of a business venture • Raised their social status • Received 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvested • Raised their self esteem • Disadvantages • Blacks stay in South • Some landowners refused to honor the contract • Blacks poor and in debt • Economic slavery

20. A VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEBT 1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land. 6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord. 2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to pay laborers. ECONOMIC SLAVERY • 3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers • Sign contracts to work landlord’s land in exchange for a part of the crop. • 5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid. • Pays off debts. • If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store than his share of the crop is worth; 4. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local store.

21. FREEDMEN'S BUREAU ACTED AS THE MEDIATOR BETWEEN LANDOWNERS AND SHARECROPPERS.

22. Sharecroppers

23. 1876 Election • Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. • Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. • Hayes wins the election • Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President * *Disputed Electoral votes 164 369 total electoral votes, need 185to win.

24. CORRUPT BARGAIN vs Rutherford B. HayesSamuel Tilden • The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain. • The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President • In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South. • Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go back to the way it was.

25. Agreement between Democrats and Republicans • Hayes pulls the troops out of the South. • Southerners take over their state governments called “REDEEMERS” • Successes Freedmenwould be lost because Southerners would take over their state governments. • Jim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting and becoming equal citizens. Cartoon of Hayes: end of Reconst

26. social reality SEGREGATION • After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were several ways that Southern states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by the color of their skin in public facilities. • Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from voting. • poll taxes • literacy tests • grandfather clause

27. social reality JIM CROW • The systematic practice of discriminating against and segregating Black people, especially as practiced in the American South from the end of Reconstruction to the mid-20th century • Derogatory name for a Black person, ultimately from the title of a 19th-century minstrel song. • Goal: Take away political and constitutional rights guaranteed by Constitution: Voting and equality of all citizens under the law.

28. JC laws

29. JC laws1 Jim Crow Laws:segregated Whites and Blacks in public facilities became the law after Reconstruction: • Used at the local, state levels and eventually the national to separate the races in schools, parks, transportation, restaurants, etc…. • kept Blacks, minorities and poor whites from voting and as 2nd class citizen status

30. social reality Jim Crow Laws Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote. Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate. Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote….

31. 1865Civil War ends Reconstruction begins 1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting 1950s-1960sCivil Rights movement begins. 1870sReconstruction ends. The Struggle for African American Suffrage Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960’s

32. Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s

33. JC laws/map Segregated 1% of Blacks integrated Less than 5% integrated 25% or more integrated

34. South’s Backlash1 Lynchings of Whites/Blacks 0 to 20 20 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 200 200 or more

35. South’s Backlash1 The right to vote was taken away from the Freedmen after Reconstruction

40. Reconstruction Ends • Corruption: Reconstruction legislatures & Grant’s administration symbolized corruption & poor government. • The economy: Reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent heavily, putting the southern states deeper into debt. • Violence: As federal troops withdrew from the South, some white Democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting. This tactic allowed white Southerners to regain control of the state governments. • The Democrats’ return to power: The pardoned ex-Confederates combined with other white Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic voters known as the Solid South. They blocked Reconstruction policies. • The Country: The Civil War was over and many Americans wanted to return to what the country was doing before the war. There were five main factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction.

41. Successes Failures Union is restored. Many white southerners bitter towards US govt & Republicans. South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North. The South is slow to industrialize. 14th and 15th amendments guarantee Blacks the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage. After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote. Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling. Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty. Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North. Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education. Successes and Failures of Reconstruction

42. Quote by Frederick Douglass 1

43. Quote by Frederick Douglass 2

44. SOCIAL REALITY Which way would the scale tip? Social equality vs. legal equality

45. social reality PLESSY VS. FERGUSON OF 1896 • Supreme Court decision which legalized segregation throughout the nation. • “Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal • Problem: Black facilities would never be equal to White facilities • Our nation would be segregated until the 1960’s.

46. PHILOSOPHIES OF BLACK LEADERS Booker T. Washington How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Southern Perspective • Former slave • Wrote a book/Up From Slavery • Before you are considered equal in society--must be self sufficient like most Americans • Stressed vocational education for Black Americans • Gradualism and economic self-sufficiency • Founder of Tuskegee Institute

47. PHILOSOPHIES OF BLACK LEADERS W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Northern Perspective • Fought for immediate Black equality in society • Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions” • Gain equality by breaking into power structure • Founder of NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

48. Reconstruction Map Solid SouthPolitical term that describes how the South would vote in future elections…… Always voted for the Democrats because they hated the Republicans.

49. Abolitionists vs Women’s rights • Women rights supporters refused to support the 14th Amendment giving African American Men citizenship unless women were added to it. • Abolitionists would not support women’s rights