Ancient Egypt 3900 BC – 1069 AD

1. Ancient Egypt3900 BC – 1069 AD

2. Egypt - Geography Located in the northeast corner of Africa, Egypt grew to be an important civilization. Based on Ancient Egyptians, the civilization was made up of two areas of land – the “redlands” and the “blacklands”.

3. The “Redlands” The “redlands” referred to the desert areas that surrounded the both sides of the Nile River. The “redlands” provided a natural barrier to invasion.

4. The “Blacklands”

5. The area around the Nile River was known as the “blacklands”. The Ancient Egyptians considered the Nile the lifeline of Egypt.

6. The land around the Nile River was extremely fertile. The Ancient Egyptians became skilled farmers. The Egyptians divided their year into 3 seasons based off of the Nile River. • Season 1 – The Flooding Season (June-September) – No farming was done • Season 2 – The Growing Season (October-February) – The land was ploughed and seeded • Season 3 – The Harvesting Season (March-May) – The crops were harvested

7. The Ancient Egyptians became successful farmers. They were so successful that they produced a surplus of food. Why would a surplus of food be important? 1. They could store food for later use. 2. They could trade for other goods. 3. Not all Egyptians had to be farmers.

8. Sentence Synthesis Use three of the following words in one sentence: redlands fertile blacklands Nile River farming invasion *Your sentence must show meaning!

9. Ancient Egypt was originally divided into two kingdoms: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. These 2 regions were united by Menes in 3000 BC. Pharaohs, Egyptian leaders, were known as the “Lord of Two Lands”. Egypt - Political

10. Egyptian Social Structure

11. The Pharaoh was believed by the Egyptians to be the supreme ruler chosen by the gods to lead the people. • They believed that when a person became a pharaoh, he/she also became a god. • To keep the bloodline of the gods pure, pharaohs often married within their families (siblings, cousins). Tutankhamun (King Tut) Ramesses II Cleopatra Nefertiti

12. pharaoh Definition: Egyptian leader Examples: King Tut Ramesses II Category: Political

13. One-Sentence Summary One thing that I found interesting is . . .

14. Pharaoh Headdress Rubric Correctly Colored Headdress (Blue, Yellow – No Marker) Name of Pharaoh Birth Date-Death Date List of 5 Facts About Pharaoh Paragraph – What Did You Find Interesting About Your Pharaoh? Why? (3 Complete Sentences) Spelling & Grammar Neatness

15. Egypt - Religion • The Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic. They worshipped over 2000 gods and goddesses. • According to the religion, pharaohs were living gods.

16. Ra • Main god of the Ancient Egyptians. • Sun god • Humans were created from Ra’s tears.

17. Anubis • God of the Dead • Later believed to be the Gate Keeper of the Underworld • They thought that when you died, Anubis would weigh your soul against a feather to determine your fate in the afterlife.

18. Osiris • God of the Dead • Replaced Anubis during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt • The god that Pharaohs were identified with upon their death

19. Life after Death • The ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife of beauty, peace, and contentment. • Since most of their lives were filled with hard work, they looked forward to death as a release from this lifetime. • They believed their souls would need to use their bodies again, so the Egyptians invented a process to embalm their bodies called mummification. • Wealthy could afford better mummification than the poor

20. Mummification • The mummification process showed excessive respect for the Dead. • The priest in charge of the mummification wore the mask of Anubis. • It took 70 days to complete the mummification process.

21. Steps of Mummification • Step #1 – Body is washed and covered in oils. Various organs, including the brain, were removed and placed in canopic jars. These jars would later be placed in the coffin. The heart was not removed, because it was considered the “home of the soul”. • Step #2 – The body was in either linen or rough cotton strips and a sticky tar-like mixture was poured over the cloth strips. • Step #3 - When the mixture hardened, the mummy was placed in a sarcophagus, which was carved and painted to resemble a person. • Step #4 - Then the mummy was laid in its tomb, along with objects the Egyptians thought would be needed for daily use in the next lifetime, such as tools, jewelry, furniture, religious statues, and food.

24. Pyramids • Ancient Egyptians built pyramids to hold the royal tombs of their kings. • Originally Egyptians believed that the pharaohs would go to the sky to live with Ra in the afterlife. Therefore, they built the pyramids as “steps” to the sky. • The tombs were designed to protect the buried Pharaoh's body and his belongings. Pyramids were full of treasures. • Hieroglyphics were used on the inside walls to tell about events in the pharaoh’s life.

25. One-Sentence Summary A _________________ is a . . .

26. mummification Category: Definition: Egyptian process of preserving the body after death Religion

27. canopic jars Category: Definition: Jars where organs were placed during mummification; jars were later placed in the sarcophagus Religion

28. sarcophagus Category: Definition: Stone Box that Protected the Egyptian coffin Religion

29. pyramid Definition: Royal tombs built by the Egyptians Examples: Great Pyramid of Giza Category: Religion

30. Pyramid Rubric Correctly Create Pyramid Color (No Marker - Light Brown) Paragraphs & Age (3-5 sentences) on Each Pyramid Side (4 Paragraphs) Spelling & Grammar Neatness

31. Egypt - Cultural • Egypt's ancient history covers a huge block of time. Archaeologists noticed something very interesting. They realized that much of Egypt's ancient history could be divided into three big blocks of time: The Old Kingdom, The Middle Kingdom, and The New Kingdom. 

32. Egypt - Cultural • Old Kingdom (2700-2150) • Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt • Pyramids built • Middle Kingdom (2040-1786) • Belief in afterlife expands to include common people • Tombs instead of pyramids (better protection for mummies) • New Kingdom (1570-1075) • Militaristic – Hebrews (Israelites) enslaved • Expansion • Mummification perfected

33. Hieroglyphics • Over 5000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians wrote things down using a picture writing called hieroglyphics. The people who did the actual writing were called scribes.  • Hundreds of years later, archaeologists discovered beautiful hieroglyphic writing on the walls of ancient Egyptian pyramids and tombs.

34. Papyrus • When the Egyptians began to write, they wrote from the beginning in ink and on papyrus. • Papyrus is a plant that grows wild all over the Nile River area. • The Egyptians cut the long stalks and soaked them in water. They then laid a lot of these stalks next to each other. They then put other stalks on top, crossways to the first ones and pounded them flat.

35. hieroglyphics Category: Definition: Picture writing used by the Egyptians Cultural

36. papyrus Category: Definition: Plant located in the Nile River area that was used to form a type of paper Cultural

37. 1-Minute Pause • 1 minute to think about the following: • 1 thing that you learned • 1 thing that you were interested in

38. Hieroglyphics Dictionary Rubric Five Egyptian Words Written in Hieroglyphics (1 word for each page) English Word Written in Parentheses Definition Picture Related to Word Spelling & Grammar Size Colored (No Marker) Neatness

39. Papyrus Ra Pharaoh Redlands Pyramids Growing Crops Hieroglyphics Anubis Mummification Cleopatra Blacklands King Tut List – Group – Label Make 5 columns on your paper. Label the columns: Geography, Economic, Political, Cultural, and Religion.

40. GeographyEconomicPoliticalCulturalReligion List – Group – Label Redlands Blacklands Growing Crops Pharaoh Cleopatra King Tut Papyrus Hieroglyphics Ra Pyramids Anubis Mummification