The Industrial Revolution

1. The IndustrialRevolution AP World History Unit 4

2. Does a Revolution always mean War? • What does the word “revolution” mean? • Scientific Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution, and Industrial Revolution. • CHANGE! • Long term and short term changes. • How did technological discoveries and developments of the Scientific Revolution change society? • Scientific discoveries, new machines, printing press, and exploration.

3. Getting the Revolution Started • Many European economies, during the 1700s, were based on mercantilism and were very labor intensive. • Lasting effects from the Scientific Revolution and a more peaceful Europe led to a demand for more change. • The Industrial Revolution is defined as a period of increased output of goods made by machines and new inventions. • It was a slow, long, uneven process from hand tools to complex machines. • Which means that the Industrial Revolution did not happen over night.

4. Factors Aiding Industrial Growth • Changes in Farming Methods • Enclosure Movement • Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. • Larger fields = more output. • Small farmers are displaced = move to cities for work. • Crop Rotation • Produce more crops using the same amount of land. • Improved Livestock • Selective breeding caused the weights and quantities of livestock to double in the 18th century.

5. Factors Aiding Industrial Growth • Energy Revolution • Coal was used to power the first steam engine. • James Watt (1769) created a pump to remove water out of mines. • Vital power source during Industrial Revolution • By 1780, rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, and eastern North America. • Improved trade. • Encouraged travel for common people.

6. Britain led the Rise of Industry • Why did the Industrial Revolution begin here? • Britain had many advantages. • Manpower • population boom and city workers. • Materials • coal, iron ore, and other natural resources. • Money • trade and war to invest. • Markets • large colonial empire and trade agreements. • Modes of Transportation • roads, rail, and shipping.

7. Britain Led the Rise of Industry • British revolutionized textile industry • One invention led to another. • Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Spinning Mule, Power Loom, and Cotton Gin • These inventions were too expensive for home use. • Welcome to factory life! • Increased cotton and linen output. • 1785 = 40 million yards • 1850 = 2 billion yards!

8. Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Goods were produced more efficiently • Supply of goods increased • Prices of goods decreased • More consumer demand due to lowered prices • Jobs were created in factories and on rail lines • Social changes as well!

9. Social Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Urbanization • A movement of people to cities. • Did they come by choice? • Yes and no…changes in farming and demand for workers. • Overcrowding • Manchester • 17,000 in 1750…40,000 in 1780…70,000 in 1801! • Dirty and disease ridden from factories. • City governments were corrupt and inefficient. • Cities were unsafe. • Tenement housing • Shabby apartment buildings. • No light, no running water, many to one room, and no sanitation system.

10. Social Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Hazards of Factory Life • Long work days. • 12-16 hours. • No safety devices. • Loss of limbs and lives. • Pollution. • Coal dust and lint into lungs of workers. • Women were paid less than men. • Many employers preferred women to men. • Thought they could adapt to machines better and easier to manage. • Grim family life. • Concept of the “double-shift”.

11. Social Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Children Suffered in Mills and Mines • Were “trappers”. • Cleared the ventilation shafts. • Orphaned children worked for food and board. • Many families needed the extra money. • Many were beat and very few received an education. • Factory Act of 1833. • Minimum 13 years old and maximum 8 hour day.

12. Social Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Middle Class Expanded • Rise of factory owners, shippers, and merchants. • Lived in nice housing, dressed and ate well, and women did not work. • Viewed the poor as lazy or ignorant. • Responsible for their own misery.

13. Political Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Capitalism vs. Socialism • Capitalism. • Individuals, rather than governments, control the factors of production. • Land, labor, and capital. • Businesses are privately owned. • Socialism. • Government owns the means of production and operates them on behalf of the people. • Reform movements, unions, and anti-trust laws are created.

14. Good, Bad, or ? • Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a curse? • Negative: • Low pay, unemployment, horrible living conditions, and need for reform. • Positive: • New factories opened, created more jobs, wages rose, travel increased, horizons widened, and opportunities increased. • Conditions improved over time!

15. Important Inventions and Inventors to Remember from the Industrial Revolution • Cotton Gin (invented by Eli Whitney 1793) • Telegraph (invented by Samuel Morse 1836) • Sewing Machine (invented by Elias Howe 1844) • Theory of Evolution (Charles Darwin, 1859) • Transatlantic Cable (invented by Cyrus Field 1866) • Telephone (invented by Alexander Graham Bell, 1876) • Electric Light Bulb (invented by Thomas Edison, 1879) • Automobile (invented by Karl Benz, 1885) • Radio (invented by Guglielmo Marconi 1895) • Airplane (invented by Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1903) • Assembly Line (invented by Henry Ford, 1913)

16. European Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Justifications: 19thCentury LiberalismSocial Darwinism Responses:Socialism, MarxismLabor Unions FinanceCapitalism SocialChanges Urban Industrial Environment Expansion of Gov't Services Requirements Aristocracy Declining in Power IncreasedCompetition City Services: Fire, Police, Water, Sanitation Middle Class Rising in Power Raw Materials Nationalism New Markets Working Class Living in Poverty Imperialism Public Health Education Underlying Causes of World War Peasants Struggling to Survive Militarism Investments Assassinationof Archduke Ferdinand EntanglingAlliances