The Child From 1-3

1. The Child From 1-3

2. Toddlers to Preschoolers • 1-2= toddlers • 3= preschoolers • Influences on growth and development • Heredity • Nutrition • Health • Life experiences

3. Growth from 1-3 • Height & weight • Gain less than half of weight as first year • Heredity & environment determine rate • Proportion & posture • Posture improves • 2-3 chest becomes larger and = head size • 2- straighter, but not erect, protruding abdomen • Teeth • 1yr. Olds= average is 8 • 2ndyr= 8 more • Diet is important- water and milk • Limit sweets • See dentist around 3

4. Motor Dev’t • Tracking dev’t • See pg. 315 • Developmentally appropriate • Motor skills • Gross motor skills- large muscles • Fine motor skills- small muscles • Dexterity- 2 yr. olds • 3 yr. olds= take things apart and put back together • Hand-eye coordination • Thumb & forefinger • Manipulate objects, learn • Sensory integration- processing information from senses • Sensory dysfunction

5. Sleeping • Sleep patterns • Most one-yr olds sleep 6 or more hours/night • Daytime naps become shorter • Separation anxiety causes problems for falling asleep • Feel comfortable when life is predictable • Sleep disturbances- some need attention, fear of dark, night terrors, nightmares- stress, changes • Nutritional Needs & Eating • Self-feeding • 1 yr. olds- variety, finger foods, drink from cup • 2yr. Olds- learn to use fork, improving motor skills • 3 yr. olds- most use spoon & fork, full set of teeth, small pieces

6. Changes in Nutritional needs • Grow less rapidly, don’t eat as much • varies from day to day • Nutritious foods • Variety • Guidelines for healthy eating • Meal appeal • Color • Texture • Shape • Temperature • Ease of eating • Teaching children good nutrition • Caregivers are role models • Encourage to eat slowly, well • Water, little candy, etc.

7. Hygiene • Hygiene- personal care and cleanliness • Washing and bathing • Daily bath • Independence • Play • Caring for teeth • 1- 8 teeth • Brush daily • 2- brush own teeth • Help them brush • Toilet teaching • Readiness- sphincter muscles • Toilet teaching- attitude is important • Use potty chair • Bowel training usually comes before bladder • Some learn both at the same time

8. Dressing • Encourage self-dressing • Inside out or backwards • Choose clothes easy to dress with • Choosing clothes • Comfort • Fabric- synthetic fibers, flame resistant • Durability • Economy • Health, Illness and Safety • Checkups • Immunizations • Illnesses • Environmental influences on health • Safety • Choking hazards • Choosing safe toys • Handling poisons in the home • In case of fire and burns • Motor vehicle safety • Avoiding sunburn • Pet protection

9. Ch. 11- Emotional & Social Dev’t • Emotional patterns • Cycles are pronounced • Each is individual • 18 mo: self-centered, negativism • Causes: • Desire for independence • Frustration • Realize they are separate person • Help w/guidance: • Give choices • Redirect child • Encourage talking • Temper tantrums

10. 2 yr: • Less at odds • Understands, speech and motor skills are better • Expresses love and affection • Seeks approval and praise • Fewer emotional outbursts • 2 ½ yr: • Difficult!!!! • Learning a lot so overwhelmed • Desires exceed their abilities • Immaturity vs. need for independence • Sensitive to bossiness • Moods change quickly

11. 3yr. • More cooperative • Willing to take directions • Like to talk, talk to toys, themselves, imaginary friends • 3 ½ yr. • Self-confident • Fears • Emotional tension can lead to physical show • Control environment to feel safe • Specific emotions • Anger • Short-lived, caused from frustrations • Deal with it: use words, speak calmly, take deep breaths

12. Fear • Phobias • Separation anxiety • Help: support & understanding, encourage them to talk about it, avoid it, books, secure, control • Jealousy • Sibling rivalry • Help: love and appreciation, one-on-one time, don’t compare children, take turns, no tattling, talk to them • Love and affection • Must learn to love- affects feelings later • Strong but not smothering

13. Empathy • Children learn things hurt others by 18 mo • Caregivers show it… • Individual differences • Every child develops in a unique way • Child’s temperament affects emotional dev’t • Understand what works for a child • Developing a positive self-concept • Self-concept • Positive or negative • Self-concept vs. self-esteem • Form in response to actions, attitudes and comments of others • Mastery of skills

14. Evaluating Emotional Adjustment • Early pattern formed with adults shapes relationships later in life • Healthy: • Seek approval and praise • Turn to parents for comfort or help • Share events to show joy • Accept limits and discipline w/out too much resistance • Sleep, emotions and behavior • Most problems are normal • Fears are problems that cause this • Routine is good • Some can be caused by pajamas not fitting to earaches • Importance: for physical and emotional health • Sleep deprived, REM sleep, NREM sleep • Newborns= short cycles • Ensure good sleep: child’s best bedtime, limit toys in bed, bedtime routine, keep bedtime pleasant

15. General social patterns • Socialization-learning how to get along w/others • 18 mo: parallel play, treat others as objects, understand consequences • 2 yr.: social skills, can read moods, fun to play w/others but still have parallel play, learn rights of others- fairness • 3yr.: people are important, cooperative play, parents are important • 3 ½: complex and includes conversation, use strategies to solve conflicts, can evaluate friendships

16. Making friends • Important ability • Need to spend time w/others their age • All have disagreements/arguments • Imaginary friends • Some keep them for long time • May appear by 2 • Helps them experiment with different feelings • Usually fade • Guidelines for guidance • Self-discipline • Effective guidance • Helps children w/moral dev’t • Depends on child’s age and emot/socdev’t

17. 1 yr-15 mo: distracting or removing 15 mo-2yr: spoken restrictions and removal 2-3 yr.: understand adults, explain reasons 3 yr.: accept loving guidance, like to please • Setting limits • Helps children learn self-regulation and self-discipline • State limits clearly • Setting limits guidelines • Show an understanding of the child’s desires • Set the limit and explain it • Acknowledge the child’s feelings • Give alternatives

18. Encouraging independence • Autonomy • Realistic expectations • Choose clothes easy to dress themselves • Give them their own towel, toothbrush, etc. • Help w/house tasks • Be patient! • Promoting sharing • Engage in activities requiring sharing • Limit materials available so they take turns • Take turns with assignments • Make clear behavior you are encouraging

19. Behavior problems • Almost always a reason • Form of communication • Find problem behind aggressive behavior • Biting • Not uncommon • Determine what causes it • Hitting • want to fulfill their own needs • Self-control is hard