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Tour of the Cell 1

Tour of the Cell 1. Prokaryote bacteria cells. Types of cells. - no organelles. - organelles. Eukaryote animal cells. Eukaryote plant cells. Golgi. Golgi. mitochondria. mitochondria. chloroplast. chloroplast. ER. ER. Why organelles?. Specialized structures specialized functions

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Tour of the Cell 1

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  1. Tour of the Cell 1

  2. Prokaryotebacteria cells Types of cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryoteanimal cells Eukaryoteplant cells

  3. Golgi Golgi mitochondria mitochondria chloroplast chloroplast ER ER Why organelles? • Specialized structures • specialized functions • cilia or flagella for locomotion • Containers • partition cell into compartments • create different local environments • separate pH, or concentration of materials • distinct & incompatible functions • lysosome & its digestive enzymes • Membranes as sites for chemical reactions • unique combinations of lipids & proteins • embedded enzymes & reaction centers • chloroplasts & mitochondria

  4. Cells gotta work to live! • What jobs do cells have to do? • make proteins • proteins control everycell function • make energy • for daily life • for growth • make more cells • growth • repair • renewal

  5. Building Proteins

  6. Proteins do all the work! proteins cells DNA Repeat after me… Proteins do all the work! organism

  7. Cells functions • Building proteins • read DNA instructions • build proteins • process proteins • folding • modifying • removing amino acids • adding other molecules • e.g, making glycoproteinsfor cell membrane • address & transport proteins

  8. The Protein Assembly Line Golgiapparatus ribosome ER Building Proteins • Organelles involved • nucleus • ribosomes • endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Golgi apparatus • vesicles nucleus vesicles

  9. DNA chromosome histone protein nuclear pores nuclear pore nucleolus nuclear envelope Nucleus • Function • protects DNA • Structure • nuclear envelope • double membrane • membrane fused in spots to create pores • allows large macromolecules to pass through What kind of molecules need to pass through?

  10. nuclear membrane DNA mRNA Nucleus small ribosomal subunit nuclear pore mRNA large ribosomal subunit cytoplasm 1 production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus 2 mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore

  11. large subunit small subunit ribosome Nucleolus • Function • ribosome production • build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins • exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes rRNA & proteins nucleolus

  12. large subunit small subunit 0.08mm Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER Ribosomes • Function • protein production • Structure • rRNA & protein • 2 subunits combine

  13. Types of Ribosomes • Freeribosomes • suspended in cytosol • synthesize proteins that function in cytosol • Bound ribosomes • attached to endoplasmic reticulum • synthesize proteins for export or for membranes membrane proteins

  14. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function • processes proteins • manufactures membranes • synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds • Structure • membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell

  15. Types of ER rough smooth

  16. Smooth ER function • Membrane production • Many metabolic processes • synthesis • synthesize lipids • oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones • hydrolysis • hydrolyze glycogen into glucose • in liver • detoxify drugs & poisons • in liver • ex. alcohol & barbiturates

  17. Membrane Factory • Build new membrane • synthesize phospholipids • builds membranes • ER membrane expands • bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes

  18. Rough ER function • Produce proteins for export out of cell • protein secreting cells • packaged into transport vesicles for export Which cellshave lot of rough ER?

  19. cisternal space polypeptide signal sequence ribosome membrane of endoplasmic reticulum mRNA cytoplasm Synthesizing proteins ribosome

  20. secretory vesicles transport vesicles Golgi Apparatus • Function • finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products • like “UPS shipping department” • ships products in vesicles • membrane sacs • “UPS trucks” Which cellshave lots of Golgi?

  21. Golgi Apparatus

  22. protein vesicle budding from rough ER migrating transport vesicle fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus ribosome Vesicle transport

  23. TO: TO: TO: endoplasmicreticulum nucleus proteinon its way! DNA RNA vesicle vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finishedprotein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins

  24. nucleus cell membrane nuclear pore protein secreted rough ER vesicle ribosome proteins smooth ER transport vesicle Golgi apparatus cytoplasm Putting it together… Making proteins

  25. Any Questions!!

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