BECOMING A WORLD POWER

1. BECOMING A WORLD POWER U.S. History & Geography Chapter 5

2. IMPERIALISM • Policy in which stronger nations dominate weaker ones by extending their economic, political, or military control over the weaker territories

3. NEW MARKETS • Europeans began expanding power overseas to import raw materials, look for new markets, & to find new investment opportunities – SEE MAP PG. 143 • Europeans will protect their new investments by making them protectorates – protected local rulers against rebellion & invasions in exchange for them to govern based on input from the European nation • Americans realized that they needed to do this as well

4. SUPERIORITY • Anglo-Saxonism was the belief that English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, & systems of government. • This will get linked to the idea of manifest destiny as Americans would spread their civilization & belief to others

5. BUILDING A MODERN NAVY • Crisis in 1888 between Germany & U.S. over Samoa caused U.S. to realize that they needed to build a navy so as to not be shut out of foreign markets • U.S. needed to be able to protect their markets overseas • U.S. needed bases overseas in order to maintain navy in the task of protecting their interests overseas

6. PACIFIC EXPANSION • Seward’s Folly (Seward’s Icebox) 1867: Purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Alaska paid for itself from its rich resources - minerals, timber, & oil William Seward

9. PACIFIC EXPANSION • Treaty of Kanagawa: Matthew Perry negotiated trade treaty 1853. Japan realized they were not powerful enough to resist modern weapons. Gave trading rights to U.S. at two ports • Samoa: treaty gave U.S. a base in 1878. Germany did not like this. In 1899, Samoa will be divided between Germany & U.S.

10. HAWAII • Wealthy sugar plantation owners moved into HI as sugarcane grows well. U.S. will exempt HI sugar from tariffs to assist during their economic recession & to prevent them from going to another country for help. To renew treaty, U.S. wanted HI to grant it exclusive rights to Pearl Harbor naval base. Sugar plantation owners wanted U.S. to annex HI & will force King Kalakaua to accept a constitution that put voting rights in the hands of wealthy landowners NOT Hawaiians

11. HAWAII • Queen Liliuokalani, Kalakaua’s sister, comes to power in 1891 & attempts to get HI back for Hawaiians & reasserts power of monarch. Ambassador John L. Stevens organizes a revolution with U.S. Marines & Navy & overthrow her, setting up a new government headed by Sanford Dole. • President Cleveland told them to reinstate the Queen. Dole refuses. Cleveland will formally recognize HI but refuses to annex unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it Grover Cleveland Sanford Dole

12. HAWAII • President McKinley becomes president in 1897 • August 12, 1898: Congress proclaims HI an American territory even though Hawaiians never had the chance to vote for this. • HI becomes 50th state in 1959 • SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 144

14. DIPLOMACY IN LATIN AMERICAN • Pan-Americanism: idea that the U.S. & Latin American nations should work together. • Two goals: • Create a customs union requiring all nations of the Western Hemisphere to reduce tariffs against each other & treat each other equally in trade • Create a system for nations to work out disputes peacefully • Goals are rejected by Latin American delegates • Commercial Bureau of the American Republics will promote cooperation among nations of the Western Hemisphere (Organization of American States – OAS today)

15. CUBAN REBELLION • Cuba provides 1/3 of world’s sugar. Large amounts of labor needed. Spain abolishes slavery in 1886 • 1868 – 1st attempt to gain independence by launching guerilla war. Lacked internal support & rebels fled to U.S. • Economic ties grew between U.S. & Cuba as we imported most of their sugar. U.S. companies then invested millions into sugar plantations, mines, & railroads

16. CUBAN REBELLION • 1894 – U.S. imposes a tariff on sugar to protect HI • 1895 – Jose Marti leads a revolution that called for a destruction of all U.S. property in an effort to provoke U.S. to intervene • Spain sends General ValerianoWeyler to deal with uprising. Barbed wire “reconcentration” camps would be used against Cubans • Yellow journalism would be used by William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer to expose the brutalities Jose Marti General ValerianoWeyler

17. CUBAN REBELLION

20. WAR ON TWO FRONTS • Manila Bay: • May 1, 1898 – Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet • McKinley sends 20k army troops to Philippines & seizes Guam • Dewey & Emilio Aguinaldo take control of most of the island. U.S. troops take control of the capital of Manila Commodore George Dewey

21. WAR ON TWO FRONTS • Cuba: • Spanish were ill-prepared for war both on land & sea • “Rough Riders” – volunteer cavalry unit. Theodore Roosevelt was second in command • American troops capture Santiago harbor & use canons there to force Spanish fleet out of harbor & into battle with U.S. Navy • July 1 – U.S. troops move into San Juan Heights. Rough Riders & African American 9th & 10th Cavalry regiments capture Kettle Hill & San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt

22. A monument is seen in honor of U.S. soldiers fallen in the war against Spain in 1898 at San Juan Hill on the outskirts of Santiago, Cuba, Sunday, July 27, 2008.

23. TREATY OF PARIS 1898

24. TELLER AMENDMENT 1898 • U.S. had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba.

25. PLATT AMENDMENT • In 1900 Cuba formed a new government & created a constitution • Cuba adopted the Platt Amendment to obtain removal of control of the U.S. army • Cuba would be a protectorate of the U.S. for the next 31 years • U.S.’s important reason for this was to protect American business investments in the island • Repealed in 1934

26. PUERTO RICO • Puerto Ricans divided whether or not they wanted to govern themselves or become a part of U.S. (still are today) • Foraker Act 1900: allows Puerto Rico to set up a civil government with elected legislature & the President appointing the governor & executive council. • 1917: Puerto Ricans obtain U.S. citizenship rights but do NOT vote in presidential election • 1947: Puerto Ricans elect their own governor

27. DEBATE OVER ANNEXATION OF PHILIPPINES • Reasons favoring annexation: • Naval base • Stopover on the way to China • Large market for American goods • U.S. had a duty to help “less civilized” people • Reasons NOT to annex: • Competition from cheap Filipino labor would drive down American wages • Imperialism violated American principles ** SEE ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES PG. 150 & POLITICAL CARTOONS PG. 151

28. REBELLION IN PHILIPPINES • Led by Emilio Aguinaldo they will revolt against American control • U.S. made Filipinos live in concentration camps, separating Filipino guerillas from civilians • U.S. Civilian governor William Howard Taft improved education, transportation, & health care in an effort to win Filipinos over • March 1901: capture Aguinaldo. War is declared over on July 4, 1902. Cost U.S. $400 million

29. REBELLION IN PHILIPPINES • Government set up similar to Puerto Rico • July 4, 1946 Philippines becomes an independent nation

30. AMERICAN DIPLOMACY IN ASIA • 1894: China & Japan go to war over Korea which is dependent upon China. Japan defeats China demonstrating its mastery over Western technology. Korea gains independence & Japan gets Manchuria • Russia does not want Japan to have Manchuria. France & Germany backs Russia. Russia gets land in China to lease. This is known as spheres of influence. • U.S. main concern: how it disrupts trade

31. OPEN DOOR POLICY • Proposed by John Hay • Starts off as an invitation for all imperialist nations to share trading rights with the U.S. & china

33. BOXER REBELLION • Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fist (Boxers) wanted to do away with foreign influence & control in China • Rebellion starts with Boxers & Chinese troops attacking foreign embassies & killing more than 200 foreigners • Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, & U.S. will send troops to Chinese capital & put down rebellion • John Hay issues a second set of Open Door notes where China pays compensation for damages & will not be broken up into European-controlled colonies • U.S. will retain access to trade with China

34. ROOSEVELT’S DIPLOMACY • Theodore Roosevelt becomes President after McKinley’s assassination • Settles dispute between Japan & Russia & becomes known as the peacemaker. • U.S. & Japan pledge to respect each other’s territorial possessions, uphold Open Door policy, & support China’s independence as each influence in Asia grows Theodore Roosevelt McKinley is assassinated September 1901

35. PANAMA CANAL • Theodore Roosevelt expressed a policy of “speak softlly & carry a big stick” as he believed the U.S. could deter nations from fighting by displaying its power • Roosevelt would do this by attempting to build a short cut to the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean. Two choices: Nicaragua or Panama • French company had started the route through Panama & allowed for U.S. to purchase it for $40 million

38. PANAMA CANAL • Colombia was the ruling government of Panama & they refused to grant permission to U.S. to build the canal. A Panamanian rebellion ensued & U.S. would support it by surrounding Panama with warships. Colombia will relent • Official agreement gave U.S. rights to the build the canal in exchange for $10 million plus an annual rent of $250k

42. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY • European Banks invested heavily in Latin American countries. If they defaulted they would attempt to intervene in the affairs of these countries (i.e. Venezuela) • Roosevelt issues the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs & maintain economic & political stability in the Western Hemisphere • Goal: to prevent European powers to use economic debt of Latin American countries as an excuse to intervene in their governments & the region

46. DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • William Howard Taft • Loans to foreign countries would be guaranteed by American business people to justify keeping European powers out of the western hemisphere • Taft believed that this would increase trade for American businesses & lift Latin American countries out of poverty & social disorder (i.e. Nicaragua) • SEE MAP PG. 155

47. WOODROW WILSON • University professor committed to progressivism. Opposed to imperialism & believed that democracy would create a world free of revolution & war • Wilson will give the Monroe Doctrine a moral tone by stating the U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny recognition of any government that was oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests

48. MEXICAN REVOLUTION • Porfirio Diaz ruled as a dictator. Encouraged Mexico to become more industrialized but foreign investors controlled much of the economy • Mexican citizens were landless & poor which led to a rebellion in 1910. Francisco Madero supported democracy, constitutional government & land reform would lead the rebellion against Diaz

49. MEXICAN REVOLUTION • Madero was unskilled in asserting his power & General VictorianoHuerta will seize power in 1913 • Huerta will be brutal dictator & Wilson will refuse to recognize his government stating that the U.S. only recognizes governments set up based on law, not force. • Wilson will have the Navy intercept all arms shipments to Huerta’s government & would allow for Americans to arm his opponents

50. MEXICAN REVOLUTION • April 1914: American sailors are arrested in Tampico for entering a restricted area. Mexicans refused to apologize. Wilson asked Congress to authorize the use of force & would get it. American warships are sent to Veracruz to intercept weapons that were unloaded by a German ship • Anti-American riots erupted in Mexico. With U.S. support, Benustiano Carranza will become President of Mexico in 1915