Brief Response

1. Brief Response • Some historians think that Paul was as important as Jesus of Nazareth in establishing Christianity. What evidence might those historians cite to prove their theory?

2. Brief Response • Possible response: Historians might thing Paul was as important as Jesus in the establishment of Christianity: • Number of followers increased because of Paul’s work. • Paul and apostles spread to non-Jews. • As Paul’s writings became equal basis for faith not only the Bible. • Paul’s writings are largest portion of the Christian New Testament. • Paul’s missionary work established Christianity as a world religion.

3. p. 40 England’s Democratic Tradition, 1215-present

4. Lecture/Discussion • Material from your reading

5. Why England? • The English were strongly influenced by Classical (Greek and Roman) knowledge as well as the Judeo-Christian tradition. • England, would conquer much of the world and spread modern Western culture to billions globally (becoming Great Britain). • Western Civilization has become the standard for most of planet Earth.

6. Do you remember? What is Western Political Thought? • Ideas of cultures from Europe (mostly western Europe). Including, but not exclusively, (5) • Equality • Justice/Fairness • Free speech • Human rights • Ethics/morality • Love/ • Tolerance

7. Divine Right. • It was common belief that all lords, including the king, got their power to rule the people from G-d. • This was reinforced by the Catholic Church (later, Anglican)

8. Norman England • William the Conqueror • The Norman winner of the English royal power struggle, 1066 CE. • To what effect? • Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon cultures mixed. • Demanded loyalty from lords. • Used census to organized society. • EC: What does a census do? Why? • A census counts • Who’s in the country • How much can we tax ‘em • Today: where should government resources be applied? • Began a tradition of reducing Church power over the government.

9. Monarchy Rising • Henry II: • 1154 became king. • ChangedEnglish law. • English law is the foundation for so many nations and international organizations today. • English law uses “common law”

10. Remember? • Belief that monarch was chosen by god and had total power. • Divine right

11. Common Law: • English legal tradition where there are no basic laws in a constitution. • English Law is based on….. • Earlier traditions, • Customs, • Earlier court decisions. • This standardizes legal decisions in the future. • Standardized law • Standardized punishment

12. English Law • NOT! • Rather a modern skit of medieval law • trying to use reason (logic, proof) to prosecute a suspected witch….. • Be ready to answer when called….. • Who was the judge? • The local noble (lord) • What does the “judge” use to decide her innocence or guilt? • Reason, logic, • “scientific tools” • What else did Monty Python make fun of? • The Church

13. Monarchy and Legislature Conflict • An absolute monarch • A monarch believing that only he/she has all the power to make national decisions. • Most European monarchs were such.

14. Monarchy and Legislature Conflict • The Magna Carta limited the English monarch’s power in 1215. • Creates a legislature of nobles and churchmen that the English monarch MUST work with = Parliament. • By the 1500s the Stuart monarchs tried to restore their power. Did • not call Parliament to meetings • made decisions by themselves. • Because of the religious civil war in England, there was also a religious problem with Stuart monarchs… • They were Catholic Christian, • most in Parliament were Protestant Christian.

15. Looking at the entire section….. • What will be the prime reasons for increasing conflictbetween the English monarchy and the people (Parliament)? (4) • Taxation • Government power • People’s rights • Religion (Catholic vs. Protestant)

16. Remember? • ________________ law is the basis for English law. • common

17. What is Parliament? (copy) • Since 1215, the Magna Carta, started a legislature in England that the monarch had to consult with in order to get approval to use treasury funds, declare war, etc. • At first made up of Church and noble leaders. • Later made up of nobles and high-ranking commoners. • Today--two houses • Lords (entitled nobles) • Commons (all commoners) • EC: its power is similar to what part of the United States’ government? • Congress

18. The English Civil War • Charles Stuart (I) attempt to close Parliament and even arrest it’s leaders • Parliament assembled an army. • After 10 years, Charles’ forces lost, • he was arrested, tried, and found guilty as a traitor, and executed (even the monarch is subject to the law). • Parliament abolished the monarchy. • The new government was called the…..EC: • “The Commonwealth”

19. “Commonwealth” • With only an elected legislature running the England’s government was now what type? • A republic. • Oliver Cromwell: • The Leader of the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War against Charles I • A Puritan Christian • When Parliament won control of the government, he was selected to be in charge of the government. • He soon grew worried about Parliament • Parliament argued too much and did nothing • Cromwell seized dictatorial powers claiming England was in danger. He became….. EC • “Lord Protector”

20. Parliament’s Victory • By the mid-1680s, Parliament preferred a monarchy, but did not want the Catholic Stuarts. • They hired a foreign king • Prince William of Orange (the Netherlands). • Dutch Prince, husband of James II’s daughter • Protestant Christian, (like Parliament) • Agreed to give Parliament total control of nation. • Because James II left England peacefully and England’s government changed with no argument, this change is called….. • The “Glorious Revolution.”

21. Remember? • The legislature of England was created in 1215 by the monarch being compelled to sign the __________________ • Magna Carta • It created a legislature that today is called… • Parliament

22. remember? 1/18 • Why did Parliament and the English monarchs often argue and disagree? • Parliament demanded the right to limit the power (taxes, laws, justice) of the monarch to protect the “people” of England from dictatorship.

23. Parliament’s Victory • With William’s agreeing to Parliament’s Bill of Rights, in 1689, a new government was established. • Also in the English Bill of Rights was “habeas corpus”: • ancient concept that one had to be accused of a crime in order to be arrested.

24. Parliament’s Victory • With signing of the English Bill of Rights, England became the first “limited monarchy”: • Parliament has almost all power over the nation, including the monarchy.

25. Limited Monarchy in the UK • Most monarchies in the world, today, are run the same way. • Most powers held by the British monarch, today, are ceremonial or ritual. • Worksheet.

26. Remember? • The legal idea that one may not be arrested unless there is a crime is called….. • Habeas corpus

27. Homework and Notes

28. Standards Check: p. 41 (3) • Question: • William the Conqueror: • Required vassals (nobles) to be loyal to him • Introduced a census for tax purposes • Henry II: • Set up a justice system (nobles had the power before) • Based on common law • Used juries

29. Standards Check, p. 43 • Question: • Parliament began to control the monarch by requiring him/her to meet its demands if they wanted funding.

30. Remember? • A monarch controlled by a legislature is called ….. • A limited monarch (constitutional monarch)

31. Growing Inclusion of Classes, 1700 to the present • The merchant and freed poor classes grew in power in a few hundred years and were made part of the Parliament through the…..EC • House of Commons • It now controls Britain’s government, today. • The political group (party) that controls the most votes becomes the….. • Ruling party • The ruling party chooses the person who will lead the government • Prime Minister (Britain’s PM takes weekly questions from Common’s members. Notice the noisy background banter showing support or opposition.)

32. remember? • What English Documents increasingly made the people (Parliament) more powerful than the monarchy? (3) • 1215 • Magna Carta • 1628 EC • Petition of Right • 1689 • The English Bill of Rights

33. Text, p. 45, Thinking Critically • 1 • The expensive Hundred Year’s War forced the king to ask Parliament for more Money. • Parliament then forced him to give them more power or they would not give him the money. • 2 • Disagree: MORE than just the monarch having to obey the law • Due process of law for all • Right to private property • Right to petition the government

34. Standards Check, p. 46 • Question: English Bill of Rights: • Ensured the supremacy of Parliament • Monarch had to summon Parliament regularly • House of Commons controlled the “Power of the Purse” • Monarch could not stop debates or suspend laws. • Forbid Roman Catholic monarchs • Abolished excessive fines or cruel/unusual punishment • Affirmed “habeas corpus” (no arrest without a crime)

35. p. 47, Thinking Critically • 1 • To do their job, members needed to speak without fear of retaliation or arrest by anyone, especially the monarch. • 2 • NO • Certain of the monarch’s powers we LIMITED, not eliminated. • Monarchs HAVE to ASK for permission but still make decisions for the country once they have Parliament’s consent.

36. Brief Response • Read the excerpt. What events caused this document to be written? What was it meant to accomplish? Use a direct quote to support your answer. • Text on handout…..

37. Brief Response • “Whereas, the late King James II . . . did endeavor to subvert [undermine] and extirpate [destroy] the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom. . . . The said lords [Parliament] . . . declare: • 1. That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal. . . . • 6. That . . . raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law. . . . • 8. That election of members of Parliament ought to be free. . . .” • –English Bill of Rights, 1689