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Applying Scaffolding Strategy to Foster Autonomous Learners

Applying Scaffolding Strategy to Foster Autonomous Learners. Heping Xu Defense Language Institute. CLEF 2012. Outline. What is Learners’ Autonomy Scaffolding: A Tool toward Autonomy Examples of Scaffolding ： Language Examples of Scaffolding ： Culture

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Applying Scaffolding Strategy to Foster Autonomous Learners

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  1. Applying Scaffolding Strategy to Foster Autonomous Learners HepingXu Defense Language Institute CLEF 2012

  2. Outline • What is Learners’ Autonomy • Scaffolding: A Tool toward Autonomy • Examples of Scaffolding：Language • Examples of Scaffolding：Culture • Examples of Scaffolding：Strategies • Examples of Scaffolding：Affective

  3. 1. What is Learners’ Autonomy “ability to take charge of one’s own learning”, that this ability “is not inborn butmust be acquired either by ‘natural’ means or (as most often happens) by formal learning, i.e.in a systematic, deliberate way”, “To take charge of one’s learning is tohave the responsibility for all the decisions concerning all aspects of this learning” Holec, H., 1981: Autonomy and foreign language learning. Oxford: Pergamon

  4. 1. What is Learners’ Autonomy Take charge of own learning Learn to learn 学 Autonomy Dependent formal learning, in a systematic, deliberate way Teacher

  5. II. Scaffolding: An Effective Tool toward Autonomy In the educational setting, scaffolds

  6. II. Scaffolding: An Effective Tool toward Autonomy (2) Present Knowledge Proximal Zone Distal Zone Scaffolding Learn to Learn Teacher

  7. II. Scaffolding: An Effective Tool toward Autonomy (2) Scaffolding Meta-cognitive “know how to do when don’t know how what to do.”

  8. III. Examples of Scaffolding: Language • Problemize • 得字描写句 他跑得很快 。 *他跑很快。 * 他说中文得很好。 What is the rule? How to change them into correct sentences? • 形容词描写句 两个人（姚明，邓小平）：他高，他矮。 一个人: 他很高。 *他高。 *他是很高。 What is the rule? In this structure, “很” is equivalent to what in English?

  9. III. Examples of Scaffolding: Language • Activate previous knowledge • “verb +得” 他很好。（Function? Neg./Inter.?) “他很快。” 呢？ How to make it meaningful? • 他比我好。 （restriction? Neg.? Inter.?) *他比我很好。他比我好多了/一点/得多。 *他比我跑得很快。

  10. III. Examples of Scaffolding: Language • Prompt • w/v j q x zh ch sh z c sp/b d/t • 汉语语音特点音节少 400 多个， 同音字 • 汉字特点章 谢 • 单音向双音 庞大/拥有/端正 • 组块 昨天下午，中共中央主席胡锦涛在北京中南海怀仁堂会见大厅接见了前来参加乡镇选举考察的美国卡特中心的代表团。

  11. III. Examples of Scaffolding: Language • Model 我周六早上去海边锻炼。 回家吃早饭。 和我太太买东西，吃中国饭。 下午看电影。 晚上，吃饭，看电视，睡觉。

  12. III. Examples of Scaffolding: Language • mother tongue • 他很有钱，反而很节省。（学生作文） set-up ，on the contrary 不但不…反而/不但…而且 • 我问他搬家。ask • 我不知道他要是去。if

  13. III. Examples of Scaffolding: Language • Picture 把

  14. IV. Examples of Scaffolding: Culture • Languagerelated 您位行 学问 教学 休息 性 常精

  15. IV. Examples of Scaffolding: Culture • Expansion 黛比停止了咀嚼，呆呆地望着大家。 红旗急了，不自觉地加重语气说：大家是怕你噎着，你就蘸着吃吧。 话音刚落地，只见黛比缓缓地站起来，捏着油条的手微微发颤，红着眼圈，万分委屈地说：”你，你还说中国人尊重妇女呢。你们都坐着吃，为什么让我站着吃？” 年年有鱼 春联倒贴福 钟， 鞋

  16. IV. Examples of Scaffolding: Culture • Contrast 如对什么事情感到意外叫“吃惊”，需要用较大力气叫“吃力”，被人欺负叫“吃亏”，被人打脸叫“吃耳光”，被人告上法院叫“吃官司”，情况紧迫叫吃紧。 Whatgeneral meaning can you draw from the phrases? What is cultural implications? Does English has similar phenomena?

  17. V. Examples of Scaffolding: Strategies • TOPIC RELATED VOCABULARY三六九等 • 家 – 成员 – 职业- 分工-爱好-教育 • 诉讼 美国女演员亨特尔·泰洛怀孕了，可因此她却被当红电视剧《麦尔罗斯》一片开除。经过6周的审讯，23日的判决裁定，泰洛获近五百万美元的赔偿。陪审团认为，此案中斯潘林的制片公司明显是单方撕毁合同。在这场诉讼中，泰洛面对的是老东家，赫赫有名的好菜坞大亨艾伦·斯潘林的制片公司。判决后，公司律师表示，他们将继续上诉

  18. V. Examples of Scaffolding: Strategies • Model • 生词卡片（从多到少） • 主题排列 • 个体化排列：去银行-服务台-打招呼 • 逻辑排列--工商管理--大公司--待遇好/工资高--辛苦--机会-熟悉业务--经验--管理人员

  19. V. Examples of Scaffolding: Strategies • ThinkingAloud • Types • Main idea. • Major detail • 听力难点

  20. V. Examples of Scaffolding: Strategies • 关键知识 • 压缩词问题 药物股股价入园园内 • 特别句式你还记得人家给我们 • 句子的构件的句板块句干 • 篇章连接词：长颈鹿是世界是身体最高的珍奇动物，主要分布在非洲的埃塞俄比亚、苏丹、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚和赞比亚等国。但是，长颈鹿的祖籍却在亚洲

  21. VI. Examples of Scaffolding: Affective • Make it interesting • 你梦想中的房子/我的家乡美/你未来的女朋友 • 为什么叫中国？ 为什么是瓷器？为什么是五星？ • 为什么一个星大？ • Critical thinking 为什么这么写？为什么用这个例子？ 不这样写行吗？ 如果让你写，会是怎样？

  22. VI. Examples of Scaffolding: Affective • 协调/水平相当 • 意义的协调 内在知识、兴趣、背景知知（旅馆／太太来访） • 水平协调 了解学生，接近水平，（语言水平／背景水平） • 预热协调 环境保护涉及哪些问题？那些词汇最重要呢？

  23. VI. Examples of Scaffolding: Affective • Be humble

  24. 3. Examples of Scaffolding (4) Affective • Positive comment Observe progress and timely Feedback • Stimulate inner motivation 意义/过程/中间/个性化 （音乐会） • Language Ego 脆弱 /身分认同

  25. 六、 语言教学的走向与前瞻 • 2 公司化管理 (COOPERATIVE) 管理模式 • 整套的与效益挂钩的管理模式 • 学习理论：知识是怎样获得的？ • 学习心理：怎样的环境，平台最适合学习发生

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