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Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Palestinian Territories

Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Palestinian Territories. Eng. Deeb Abdelghafour Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) September, 2013. Projected Climate Change Scenarios (GLOWA).

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Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Palestinian Territories

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  1. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Palestinian Territories Eng. DeebAbdelghafour Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) September, 2013

  2. Projected Climate Change Scenarios (GLOWA) Changes of annual mean temperatures: Significant increase of temperatures in the order of 1°C in the last 50 years. Until 2050, a further increase in mean annual temperature of around 1 - 2 °C is expected Relative changes in yearly precipitation: A decrease of mean annual precipitation is expected for larger parts of the region (up to 30%) until 2050, continuing with higher levels of significance till 2100. http://www.glowa-jordan-river.de

  3. Drought Frequency (GLOWA) Key messages • The drought length in the northern (sub-humid) and middle (semi-arid) zones is expected to slightly increase. The increase is stronger in the southern (arid) precipitation zone. • The frequency of moderate droughts is expected to decrease and the number of extreme droughts to increase. • Between the years 1961-1990 most of the droughts are classified as moderate drought. • Between the years 2031-2060 most of the droughts will be classified as extreme drought. http://www.glowa-jordan-river.de

  4. Types of Water Scarcity

  5. Palestinian Water Scarcity Water Shortage Drought Low Rainfall Low Recharge Rates Israeli Control of Water Resources Water Level Decline Reduce in Springs flow Low yield

  6. Main Challenge facing the Water Resources in Palestine • Israeli Occupation (Control 100% of Water resources). • Drought (Climate Change). • exploitation. • Pollution • Population

  7. Climate Change/ Facts from Palestine • Increase in the number of droughts • Rainfall during 2003-2010 were less than the historical average • Frequency of extreme events has increased. • Frost waves are taking place • Min. and max. summer temperatures have increased, while winter temperatures have declined. • Probability of very hot summer days has increased.

  8. Hydrological Drought Rainfall deficiency (amount, intensity, duration) Reduced infiltration and groundwater Recharge Water Level Decline and reduce in Springs flow Increase Salinity and pumping cost, water deficit

  9. West Bank/ Background The West Bank is characterized by Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and wet, rather cold winters with short transitional seasons. The eastern and southern parts of the region have a semi-arid to arid climate. Potential evapotransporation exceeds rainfall rates most of the year, increases from west to east. Rainfall contours High variability of precipitation; both temporary and spatially. Potential Evapotranspiration

  10. Annual Average Rainfall in WB & GS (2001-2009) MoA

  11. Upper Aquifer Piezometric level Mediterranean Upper Upper Aquifer Sea Aquifer (Varies considerably throughout seasons) Coastal aquifer Valley Aquifer Leakage from Lower Lower and Upper to Upper Aquifer due Flow from Upper Aquifers change to to faults to Lower Aquifer clay and chalk across faults (non-aquifers) Israel West Bank West RAINFALL is the main source of water for our RENEWABLE Aquifers About 90% of Groundwater Recharge originates inside West Bank

  12. Recharge estimates for the four groundwater systems

  13. Hydrogeological Boundaries versus Political Boundaries: Transboundary Groundwater Basins • Eastern Basin - Northeastern Basin - Western Basin • Gaza Aquifer

  14. The main factors which determine the volume of water that can recharge the West Bank aquifer systems are as follows: – Volume, spatial distribution and intensity of rainfall – Urban Development along outcrop formations (Recharge Zones) – Evapotranspiration – Topography of land surface – Infiltration capacity (function of soil, vegetation, fissures, cracks and faults) – Vertical hydraulic gradient – Artificial and induced recharge

  15. Impacts on Groundwater Noticeable Decline in Water Level of Groundwater Aquifers Upper Cretaceous (19-17/047) FroushBeitDajan Eocene (19-17/007) El Jeftlik

  16. The South Area/ PWA wells The Challenge: All Palestinians are under extremely water stressed conditions (PWA1)- Between 8/2009 to 9/2010 there is a decline in water level reach to 0.4 m/month (PWA11)- Between 1/2009 to 7/2010 there is decline in water level reach to 0.5 m/month

  17. PWA 11-DWL

  18. Springs Discharge

  19. Increasing of Chloride Concentration Rates

  20. Surface Water Resources Jordan River The historical Palestinian water rights in JR is around 257 MCM/Y Historical Flow of JR into Dead Sea

  21. Receding of Dead Sea 1.1 km Dead Sea 2009 Dead Sea 1945

  22. Water Demand VS Supply

  23. WHAT is Needed? The fact that drought conditions are ongoing in the West Bank there is a need for: • Vulnerability Assessment for the affected sectors • Comprehensive Response Plan per each sector • Water Resources Development Plan

  24. Comprehensive Response Plan for Domestic Water Supply: Measures to alleviate water scarcity • Rescheduling of pumping regimes • Actions to increase water availability • Water demand management

  25. PWA Measures to alleviate water scarcity (4) Water Harvesting: • Installing water collection ponds for irrigation • Capturing rooftop rainwater is common • Storm Water Harvesting : Constructing small scale dams in Fara’a and Aujawadis. (1) Groundwater Supply Development: • Drilling of new wells • Rehabilitation of springs and wells (2) Infrastructure : Water networks, reservoirs, and conveyance systems (construction and rehabilitation) (3) Demand Management: • Strategic planning: Physical water losses Reduction, Awareness and a communication strategy, including a community education campaign, Changing crop patterns, and water use restrictions, Balancing demand centers with water supply sources. • (5) Alternative Resources: Purchased water, Desalination, Reuse of TWW and Reallocation management

  26. Assessment Tools: Climate Change Models and Hydrological Models EOCENE AQUIFER AS CASE STUDY

  27. Expected rainfall data provided by down-scaling the GCM of Hadley Center Expected rainfall from Rainfall Model

  28. Projected water level fluctuations

  29. Location Of New Wells New Wells

  30. THANK YOU

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