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Chapter 7 The Nervous System

Chapter 7 The Nervous System. Scalp and skin Skull and vertebral column Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Blood brain barrier. Protection of the Central Nervous System. Dura mater Double-layered external covering Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull

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Chapter 7 The Nervous System

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  1. Chapter 7The Nervous System

  2. Scalp and skin Skull and vertebral column Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Blood brain barrier Protection of the Central Nervous System

  3. Dura mater • Double-layered external covering • Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull • Meningeal layer – outer covering of the brain • Folds inward in several areas Meninges

  4. Arachnoid layer • Middle layer • Web-like • Pia mater • Internal layer • Clings to the surface of the brain Meninges

  5. Similar to blood plasma composition Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord Cerebrospinal Fluid

  6. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid

  7. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid

  8. Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body • Excludes many potentially harmful substances • Useless against some substances • Fats and fat soluble molecules • Respiratory gases • Alcohol • Nicotine • Anesthesia Blood Brain Barrier

  9. Extends from the medulla oblongata to the region of T12 Below T12 is the cauda equina (a collection of spinal nerves) Spinal Cord

  10. White matter – contains myelinated fiber tracts going to the brain or from one side of the spinal cord to the other Spinal Cord Anatomy

  11. Gray matter - mostly cell bodies • Dorsal (posterior) horns – contain interneurons • Anterior (ventral) horns – contain motor neurons Spinal Cord Anatomy

  12. Central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid Spinal Cord Anatomy

  13. Meninges cover the spinal cord • Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae • Dorsal root • Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies of the sensory neurons • Ventral root • Contain the axons of the motor neurons Spinal Cord Anatomy

  14. Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue Peripheral Nervous System

  15. Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor fibers Afferent (sensory) nerves – carry impulses toward the CNS Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses away from the CNS Classification of Nerves

  16. 12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only Cranial Nerves

  17. There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs Spinal nerves are formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord Spinal nerves are named for the region from which they arise Spinal Nerves

  18. Spinal Nerves

  19. Spinal nerves divide soon after leaving the spinal cord • Dorsal rami – serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk • Ventral rami – forms a complex of networks (plexus) for the anterior Anatomy of Spinal Nerves

  20. Examples of Nerve Distribution

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