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Kingdom - Animalia

Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. Kingdom - Animalia. Topics. Animal – definition Body organization and classification Monophyletic groups and Phyla Major representatives of Phyla Ecology and economy. Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp. 622-626. What is an Animal?.

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Kingdom - Animalia

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  1. Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. Kingdom - Animalia Topics • Animal – definition • Body organization and classification • Monophyletic groups and Phyla • Major representatives of Phyla • Ecology and economy

  2. Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp. 622-626. What is an Animal? • Very diverse with some common characteristics • Multicellular eukaryotes • Heterotrophs • Cells are specialized - for various functions • Most - capable of locomotion • Most - nervous systems and muscles • Most - diploid and reproduce sexually • Zygote cleaves starting embryogenesis • Morula, blastula, gastrula, larva, metamorhosis • Evo-devo and Hox genes

  3. Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp. 624-626. Classification - criteria • Earliest fossils ~600 mya; land ~440 mya • <5% of all animals are vertebrates • Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • Invertebrates lack backbone • Includes sponges, jellyfish, worms, mollusks, insects, crustaceans

  4. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 626-632. Classification - criteria • Parazoa (sponges) and Eumetazoa • Eumetazoa - radial or bilateral symmetry • Radial: body arranged as spokes in a wheel • Bilateral: body arranged as mirror-image along a central axis • Most eumetazoans - bilaterally symmetric • Each half identical, or very similar at least • Tendency toward cephalization - head with sensory structures, neural integrating systems located • Diploblastic or triploblastic • Triploblastic – acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates

  5. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 626-633. Classification - criteria • Ectoderm: outer layer - makes outer covering, nervous system • Endoderm: lining of the digestive tube and digestive organs • Cnidarians and ctenophores are diploblastic • Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system • All animals besides the Cnidara and Ctenophora are triploblastic

  6. Triploblastic Body Plans Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 626-633. • Acoelomates • Pseudocoelomates (probably evolved by simplification of coelomates – not monophyletic) • Coelomates

  7. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 628-633. Protostomes and Deuterostomes • During gastrulation - cells move, blastopore forms • Protostomes • Blastopore becomes mouth • Spiral cleavage in embryo • Determinate cleavage - Embryonic cells develop into fixed body parts • Deuterostomes • Blastopore becomes anus, second pore - mouth • Radial cleavage • Indeterminate cleavage - Each cell can make an adult

  8. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 629.

  9. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 632. 6 main animal clades based on molecular data Parazoa, Radiata, Biradiata, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia

  10. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 635-638. Phylum – Porifera (Parazoans) • Choanocytes (collar cells) - help move water through - trap suspended food items • Amoeboid cells move about mesohyl - important in nutrition • Mesohyl - important in sexual reproduction; holds egg and embryo (most are hermaphroditic) • Division of labor without tissues

  11. Phylum – Cnidaria (Radiata) Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 638-642. • Cnidocytes - stinging cells • Two body forms/stages – Medusa and Polyps – many spp. have both • Two definite tissue layers – Epidermis, Gastrodermis - Separated by the gelatin-like mesoglea • Nerve net - no head Both stages common, but not in hydra

  12. Protostome Lophotrochozans Phylum - Platyhelminthes Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 643-647. Classes: Tubelaria - free living; Trematoda and Monogenea - parasitic flukes; Cestoda - tapeworms (vertebral intestinal parasites)

  13. Phylum - Mollusca Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 647-650. • Clams, oysters, snails, slugs, octopi, squids - Trochophore larva - fresh water and marine • Common features: Soft body, dorsal calcium carbonate shell in some, muscular foot – locomotion, organs form viscera, mantle secretes shell, open circulatory system - hemolymph bathes tissues

  14. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 651-653. Phylum - Annilida • Segmented worms – Trochophore larva • Class - Polychaeta - sandworms - mainly marine • Class - Oligochaeta - earthworms - land and fresh water • Class - Hirudinea - leeches - mainly fresh water • Body - ringed segments • Some structures - repeated in each segment - e.g.excretory organs - metanephridia • Some organ systems occur in full length - e.g.nervous, digest. Segmentation aids movement - each segment can move • Nervous system – ventral • Respiration – cutaneous • Earthworm – make soils more fertile

  15. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 651-653. Mostly marine Terrestrial/freshwater Mostly freshwater

  16. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 656-658. Protostome Ecdysozoans Phylum – Nematoda - Roundworms • Decomposers and predators – most are free living • Pseudocoelomates • 50< spp. – human parasites – e.g. Ascaris worm, hookworms, pinworms, trichina worm

  17. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 656-666 Phylum – Arthropoda – Jointed appendages & chitin exoskeleton • > 1 million species; probably millions to be known • Most successful and diverse - >80% of all animal spp. • Distinct anatomical features/adaptations: • Segmented body • Tough exoskeleton – discuss advantages and disadvantages • Paired, jointed appendages • Antennae - taste and touch • Most insects and crustaceans - compound eyes • Open circulatory system • Dorsal heart pumps hemolymph to a dorsal artery • Flows through smaller arteries to hemocoel, where it baths tissues

  18. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 658.

  19. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 670-675. Deuterostomes

  20. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 674. Deuterostomes – Phylum - Echininodermata Echinoderms – Hydraulic/water vascular system – locomotion, feeding and gas exchange

  21. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 671-673.

  22. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 675-678. Deuterostomes – Phylum – Chordata Model – Lancelet – Amphioxus sp. Endostyle – Mucus secreting pharyngeal groove (thyroid is a derivative) – fourth chordate character

  23. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 678-681. Study Table 32-2

  24. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 696-699. Class - Mammalia • Hair • Mammary glands • Differentiated teeth • Three middle-ear bones • Constant body temperature • Highly-developed nervous system - neocortex • Muscular diaphragm • Two clades – Protheria and Theria

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