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Kingdom - Animalia

Explore the characteristics, classifications, and evolutionary history of animals in the Animal Kingdom. Learn about diverse phyla, body organization, and major representatives. Discover the criteria for classification, from earliest fossils to different body plans. Dive into key phyla like Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and more, understanding their unique traits and ecological roles. Gain insights into protostomes and deuterostomes, with a focus on molecular data and main clades.

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Kingdom - Animalia

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  1. Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. Kingdom - Animalia Topics • Animal – definition • Body organization and classification • Monophyletic groups and Phyla • Major representatives of Phyla • Ecology and economy

  2. Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp. 622-626. What is an Animal? • Very diverse with some common characteristics • Multicellular eukaryotes • Heterotrophs • Cells are specialized - for various functions • Most - capable of locomotion • Most - nervous systems and muscles • Most - diploid and reproduce sexually • Zygote cleaves starting embryogenesis • Morula, blastula, gastrula, larva, metamorhosis • Evo-devo and Hox genes

  3. Animal Kingdom - Ch 30, 31 & 32. pp. 624-626. Classification - criteria • Earliest fossils ~600 mya; land ~440 mya • <5% of all animals are vertebrates • Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • Invertebrates lack backbone • Includes sponges, jellyfish, worms, mollusks, insects, crustaceans

  4. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 626-632. Classification - criteria • Parazoa (sponges) and Eumetazoa • Eumetazoa - radial or bilateral symmetry • Radial: body arranged as spokes in a wheel • Bilateral: body arranged as mirror-image along a central axis • Most eumetazoans - bilaterally symmetric • Each half identical, or very similar at least • Tendency toward cephalization - head with sensory structures, neural integrating systems located • Diploblastic or triploblastic • Triploblastic – acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates

  5. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 626-633. Classification - criteria • Ectoderm: outer layer - makes outer covering, nervous system • Endoderm: lining of the digestive tube and digestive organs • Cnidarians and ctenophores are diploblastic • Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system • All animals besides the Cnidara and Ctenophora are triploblastic

  6. Triploblastic Body Plans Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 626-633. • Acoelomates • Pseudocoelomates (probably evolved by simplification of coelomates – not monophyletic) • Coelomates

  7. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 628-633. Protostomes and Deuterostomes • During gastrulation - cells move, blastopore forms • Protostomes • Blastopore becomes mouth • Spiral cleavage in embryo • Determinate cleavage - Embryonic cells develop into fixed body parts • Deuterostomes • Blastopore becomes anus, second pore - mouth • Radial cleavage • Indeterminate cleavage - Each cell can make an adult

  8. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 629.

  9. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 632. 6 main animal clades based on molecular data Parazoa, Radiata, Biradiata, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia

  10. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 635-638. Phylum – Porifera (Parazoans) • Choanocytes (collar cells) - help move water through - trap suspended food items • Amoeboid cells move about mesohyl - important in nutrition • Mesohyl - important in sexual reproduction; holds egg and embryo (most are hermaphroditic) • Division of labor without tissues

  11. Phylum – Cnidaria (Radiata) Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 638-642. • Cnidocytes - stinging cells • Two body forms/stages – Medusa and Polyps – many spp. have both • Two definite tissue layers – Epidermis, Gastrodermis - Separated by the gelatin-like mesoglea • Nerve net - no head Both stages common, but not in hydra

  12. Protostome Lophotrochozans Phylum - Platyhelminthes Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 643-647. Classes: Tubelaria - free living; Trematoda and Monogenea - parasitic flukes; Cestoda - tapeworms (vertebral intestinal parasites)

  13. Phylum - Mollusca Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 647-650. • Clams, oysters, snails, slugs, octopi, squids - Trochophore larva - fresh water and marine • Common features: Soft body, dorsal calcium carbonate shell in some, muscular foot – locomotion, organs form viscera, mantle secretes shell, open circulatory system - hemolymph bathes tissues

  14. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 651-653. Phylum - Annilida • Segmented worms – Trochophore larva • Class - Polychaeta - sandworms - mainly marine • Class - Oligochaeta - earthworms - land and fresh water • Class - Hirudinea - leeches - mainly fresh water • Body - ringed segments • Some structures - repeated in each segment - e.g.excretory organs - metanephridia • Some organ systems occur in full length - e.g.nervous, digest. Segmentation aids movement - each segment can move • Nervous system – ventral • Respiration – cutaneous • Earthworm – make soils more fertile

  15. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 651-653. Mostly marine Terrestrial/freshwater Mostly freshwater

  16. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 656-658. Protostome Ecdysozoans Phylum – Nematoda - Roundworms • Decomposers and predators – most are free living • Pseudocoelomates • 50< spp. – human parasites – e.g. Ascaris worm, hookworms, pinworms, trichina worm

  17. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 656-666 Phylum – Arthropoda – Jointed appendages & chitin exoskeleton • > 1 million species; probably millions to be known • Most successful and diverse - >80% of all animal spp. • Distinct anatomical features/adaptations: • Segmented body • Tough exoskeleton – discuss advantages and disadvantages • Paired, jointed appendages • Antennae - taste and touch • Most insects and crustaceans - compound eyes • Open circulatory system • Dorsal heart pumps hemolymph to a dorsal artery • Flows through smaller arteries to hemocoel, where it baths tissues

  18. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 658.

  19. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 670-675. Deuterostomes

  20. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 674. Deuterostomes – Phylum - Echininodermata Echinoderms – Hydraulic/water vascular system – locomotion, feeding and gas exchange

  21. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 671-673.

  22. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 pp. 675-678. Deuterostomes – Phylum – Chordata Model – Lancelet – Amphioxus sp. Endostyle – Mucus secreting pharyngeal groove (thyroid is a derivative) – fourth chordate character

  23. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 678-681. Study Table 32-2

  24. Animals - Ch 30, 31 & 32 p. 696-699. Class - Mammalia • Hair • Mammary glands • Differentiated teeth • Three middle-ear bones • Constant body temperature • Highly-developed nervous system - neocortex • Muscular diaphragm • Two clades – Protheria and Theria

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