Alternative Energy Sources

1. Alternative Energy Sources Bill Pyke Hilbre Consulting Limited October 2012 Delivered on to: Generating ‘Green’ Electricity

2. Global Perspective Energy Sources for Power Generation Source: IEA

3. Options for Large Scale Power Generation Fossil Fuels Thermal • Coal • Oil • Gas • Nuclear • Geothermal Non-Thermal • Wind • Hydro • Wave • Tidal

4. Options for Smaller Scale Power Generation-at present Thermal • CHP • Biomass Non-Thermal • Wind

5. Carbon Neutral Sources Wind Wave Tidal Biomass Geothermal

6. Comparative Life Cycle Carbon Emissions Source: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

7. Power Generation Forecast

8. Comparative Green Electricity Generating Costs Source: IEA

9. Green Electrical EnergyFalling Generating Costs with Time Source: CPI

10. BIOMASS

11. Fuels for Transport Electrical Power CHP

12. Outline Sources Availability Advantages/Disadvantages Challenges Cost Parameters Biomass to Power Growth Estimates

13. Biomass Sources Forest products: salvageable dead wood, logging residues, and excess polewood Coppice Wood Urban wood waste and mill residues: mill residues, urban wood waste, and construction and demolition debris Agricultural residue: wheat straw and corn remnants Energy crops: switch grass, hybrid poplar and hybrid willow Biowaste, Landfill Sites

14. Advantages Cheap energy, especially if it derives from waste $2.00/mmbtu versus Natural gas at $6.00/mmbtu Feedstock is nearly everywhere available Bi-product: Biogas can solve the environmental problems caused by organic waste Fertilizer as byproduct and financing source

15. Biomass Statistics Global Biomass Resource: 1,250 bn. dry tonnes Annual Utilisation: 250 bn. Dry tonnes U.K 0.015 bn. Tonnes U.K. Cost of Biomass €4/GW Comparative Cost of Coal: €2/GW Coal CO2 emissions/tonne: €1/GW Biomass CO2 emissions/tonne Negligible Source: Simpson-Holley & Evans, Energy World, June 2007

16. Environmental Appeal Utilises solar energy and converts some of it into biomass –a versatile fuel Removes some CO2 from the atmosphere in the process. Provides habitat for native species Multiple products when harvested

17. Disadvantages Ensuring Continuous supply Carbon neutral ?? Transport costs Drying to specification is energy-intensive Biomass moisture content often 40-60%, needs to be 10-15% Storage Issues Impurities and toxins Safety devices are necessary

18. Options Dedicated Biomass Gasification and co-combustion / direct combustion CHP Biomass Generate electricity and heat Co-fire biomass with coal in existing conventional power stations allows substitution of 10-15% of fossil fuels in U.K., Belgium, Netherlands and Poland

19. WIND POWER

20. EU Member State Players in Offshore Wind power ( Sources: IEA, 2009 & BWEA, 2011)

21. UK Offshore Wind farms

22. Western EuropeWind Intensity Map

23. Wind CHP Good in areas of wind speeds >10m/sec Performance band width from 4 to about 15m/sec wind speed, Nominally rated at 1kW at a given wind speed of 12 m/sec net effect is a potential saving of up to 30% overall against the UK average 'domestic' electricity bill e.g. 3,200 kWh per annum

24. Domestic Wind Microgeneration Source: www.windsave.com

25. Wind PowerAdvantages & Disadvantages • Advantages • Relatively low front-end( installation cost. British DIY retailer sell 1kW “Windsave” turbines from £1,500) • Low running /maintenance costs. • Can sell electricity to the Grid • Disadvantages • Visually unattractive • Variable wind • Often ineffective in built-up and suburban area • Often need planning permission

26. HYDRO-ELECTRICITY

27. Outline • Facts • Process • Major Global Users • Advantages/Disadvantages • Pumped Storage and generation management • World-Class major projects • Three Gorges Project • Small-Scale Hydro • UK Context • Trends

28. Hydroelectric Facts • 16% of Global Electricity Generation • Earliest example of renewable energy on a large-scale • 120 years of experience • >90% efficient energy transformation with minimal transfer losses

29. Hydroelectric Areas for Development • Large Land Areas • High Relief • High Rainfall/Snowfall • Ready local market for electricity consumption Most of the largest land areas have been identified Limited scope for more mega projects However opportunity for numerous small-scale hydro (SSH)

30. Hydroelectric Process Source: Environment Canada

31. Pumped Storage • Hydro capacity is normally applied to peak-load demand • Pumped Storage currently provide the most significant means of storage of energy on a scale useful for a utility, allowing low-value generation in off-peak times • Operation of pumped-storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system-can be as low as 40% without pumped storage

32. Advantages • Clean No sulphur, nitrous oxides or particulates. Low CO2 and methane. • Renewable energy with security of (electrical) energy supply • Low operating costs, low maintenance • Large reservoirs can be used for other purposes; fish stocks etc • Flood control

33. Disadvantages • High front-end capital costs deters many investors Long payback period • Large projects have led to elimination of agricultural land-use with displacement of population and homes • Submergence of arable land leads to methane and CO2 emissions • Potential for dam bursts. Over 200 in 20th century • Possible negative environmental impacts both upstream and downstream of plant. Silt build-up • Barriers to fish migration

34. TIDAL & WAVE POWER

35. Tidal Power

36. Tidal Barrages

37. Bay of Fundy,Annapolis Tidal Generating Station Installed Capacity 20MW Tidal Range up to 17 metres

38. Wave Power Source: BBC

39. UK Comparative Generating Costs Source: Adapted from The Royal Academy of Engineering Report

40. Carbon Emission Costs for Generating Sources Source: Adapted from The Royal Academy of Engineering Report