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Social Exclusion

Mapping the Socially Excluded: Beyond Poverty Measurements Saibal Kar Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn. Social Exclusion. Present paper maps socially excluded population in a district in West Bengal.

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Social Exclusion

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  1. Mapping the Socially Excluded: Beyond Poverty MeasurementsSaibal KarCentre for Studies in Social Sciences, CalcuttaInstitute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn

  2. Social Exclusion • Present paper maps socially excluded population in a district in West Bengal. • An effort to identify if the marginalized sections in the state are chronically deprived of various public facilities and lack of access to basic amenities including schooling for the children. • UNICEF, India collaborates with the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta (CSSSC) to set up a knowledge hub about social exclusion in general and with emphasis on West Bengal.

  3. Rationale Behind Study • Geographic targeting of communities in terms of access to public good • The degree of exclusion across residents in villages

  4. Broad questions addressed in this study • What is the distribution of socially and economically excluded population in the district of Cooch Behar, West Bengal? • What is the village wise rank of social exclusion for several socio-economic and political categories in the district? • What are the differences in ranks between SC/ST communities and non- SC/ST communities (including OBCs) in the same village for these categories?

  5. Types of Exclusion Source:Klasen(1997)

  6. Sources (Tables)

  7. Housing Status • The best villages in the district of Cooch Behar according to housing status and access to electricity are Satimari (Rank 1) and Padmamari. • Percentage of housing facility provided under government schemes is very low. Only in few villages such as Elejanerkuthi, Gosainganj, Sitalabas, Gaochulka and Natuapur there are some government provided housing. Non SC/ST: Best- Fulbari(Fulkadabri) Worst- Fulkadabri(Borakhata) SC/ST: Best-Shatimari (Boragari) Worst- Fulbari (Barabangla)

  8. Drinking Water and Sanitation • Major sources of drinking water : Tap, hand pumps in most villages in Cooch Behar; Very few use protected well. • Percentage of households with in-house toilet facility - still remarkably low - 19.72% on average. • In terms of personal hygiene and use of soaps/detergents after defecation, condition and awareness improved although in rare cases one witnesses 100% respondents claiming such practices. • Index of social exclusion shows that the village of Barabangla and Karibharal rank as best performers for SCs and STs, according to the principal component analysis SC/ST-Best: Barabangla Worst: Fulbari NonSC/ST: Best- Patakamari Worst- Barabangla

  9. Children and Diseases • Data reflects that visits to government hospitals have been about 50% for residents in some of the villages. However, treatment by quacks continues to be high in many other villages. • Since all the villages surveyed are rank ordered to provide exact estimates of how important these features are for overall assessment of socio-economic conditions in the district, focused and specific policy interventions should be feasible. SC/ST-Best: Kokoabari Worst: Bara Nijtaraf NonSC/ST-Best: Barabangla Worst: Chhat Balakuthi

  10. Mothers’ Health • Average age of girls during marriage and average age of first motherhood are positively correlated. • The data shows that a number of villages have marriage and childbirth both below 18 years. • weight of the newborn is higher with age exceeding the average age of first motherhood at 17 SC/ST-Best: Boragari Worst: Fulkadabri Bajejama Non SC/ST-Best: Kachuban Worst: Chhota Chhat Dhan Dhania

  11. Breast Feeding status of Mother • It appears that except for a few villages the degree of sensitization needs to be improved among the villagers and this is significantly influenced by the general socio-economic conditions in these villages. • Efforts at popularizing the practice of exclusive breast feeding - but social and other considerations hinder proliferation of this practice – never reaches 100% in any village. SC/ST-Best: Chhota Chhat Dhan Dhania Worst: Borakhata NonSC/ST-Best: Nagar Gopalgunj Worst: Karibaral

  12. Information Related to Child Birth • Padmamari (100%), Madhya Chhat Gopalpur (78%), Chhat Khagribari (73%) are among the worst performers where majority of childbirth is still at home • Importantly, however, a considerable section of the mothers belonging to SC/ST category have received partial financial support and other benefits from the JSY (Janani Suraksha Yojana) scheme of the Government of India. SC/ST-Best: Garubasha Worst: Boragari NonSC/ST-Best:Borakhata Worst: Karibaral

  13. Administering Vitamin among Infants • A clearer picture should emerge on the extent of participation and intervention when village population is normalized by the number of children in each village. • Nagar Gopalganj, Borakhata, Patakamari, Kokoabari rank among the top 5 villages with regard to availability of vitamin doses for the infants. SC/ST-Best: Gangadhar Worst: Karibaral NonSC/ST-Best: Nagar Gopalgunj Worst: Bara Nijtaraf

  14. Land and Other Assets • The village of Shatimari ranks 1 in terms of land and other resources, closely followed by Patakamari and Bara Nijtaraf etc. • Villages with fairly low land assets and access to irrigation facilities include Malatiguri, Chhoto Chhat Dhan Dhania, Kajalikura, Kurshamari etc. SC/ST-Best: Boragari Worst: Borakhata NonSC/ST-Best: Shatimari Worst: Fulkadabri

  15. Educational Status among Children • Educational attainment is better among non-SC/ST households, where those who continue with education at the secondary level make it to higher education as well. • Despite much hyped mid-day meal program at the state level, not more than 40% of all school going children (between age 6-14) belonging to SC/ST category in Cooch Behar actually received it. SC/ST-Best: Fulkadabri Bajejama Worst: Patakamari NonSC/ST-Best: Patakamari Worst: Gangadhar

  16. Primary source of Household Incomes and Expenditures • Any policy intervention to improve the earning capacities of the villagers must target those villages where occupational stereotypes do not allow social mobility and income growth. Access to vocational training is virtually absent in most places and provisions could break the vicious circle. SC/ST-Best in terms of income: Madhya Chhat Gopalpur Worst: Fulbari NonSC/ST-Best in terms of income :Patakamari Worst: Karibaral

  17. Primary source of Household Income and Expenditures • The villages of Padmamari, Sonarhat and Kachuban show extremely high average indebtedness among rural families, so much so that, the debt repayment (or interest payments) is as high as Rs. 14,000 annually. NonSC/ST-Best in terms of expenditure: Shatimari Worst:Bara Nijtaraf SC/ST-Best in terms of expenditure: Dodumari Worst: Bara Nijtaraf

  18. Vaccination among Children • Vaccines of Polio, DPT, Measles, BCG are regularly administered by governmental agencies. • villages of Kachuban, Padmamari, Kharibaral etc. 100% of households for the category SC/ST in our sample have obtained birth certificates for every child born, whereas for the category ‘others’ Kachuban and Kharibaral 0% of households have obtained birth certificates for child born. • For the non-SC/ST category, on the other hand Kokoabari, Borakhata, etc. report 100% coverage in terms of vaccination. SC/ST-Best:Garubasha Worst:Kokoabari NonSC/ST-Best:Patakamari Worst:Karibaral

  19. To Sum up • Paper is based on a primary survey of 50 villages in the district of Cooch Behar. • Communities that are either distant geographically or according to social classifications may be excluded from the process of development even at a time when the effects of growth have reached a large number of people in the country. • Potential factors for social and economic exclusion: access to basic amenities such as housing, drinking water, sanitation, health, infrastructure, education on the one hand, and public distribution of food grains, development schemes, credit facilities etc. on the other

  20. Analysis identifies regions within the distribution of villages where the severity of problems contribute significantly to growing social and economic inequality and hence, exclusion. • Social exclusion index for every single component should provide a large number of cases where focused and directed interventionist policies may be adopted relatively easily. • The index - glaring examples of development deficits in these villages. • Paper offers emphasis on the economic and social well-being of children. • Policy interventions should pay more attention to issues like widespread coverage of vaccination, sensitization of breast milk practices just after birth, exclusive breast milk practices for infants, provision of better institutional delivery for mothers, better pre-natal and ante-natal care, regular, and hygienic mid-day meals, school supplies including books, school uniforms etc • Government schemes seem to have failed to generate desired outcome

  21. Further… The weights of the different categories and in turn their ranking would be worked out

  22. Thank You

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