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Syntax

Syntax. LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin. Rowe & Levine (2012): p. 115-155 . O’Grady & Archibald (2009) p. 146-189. Table of Content. Grammatical vs. Ungrammatical The Sentence Phrases Tree Diagrams /Labelling Phrases Inflection Syntax & Ambiguity

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Syntax

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  1. Syntax LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin

  2. Rowe & Levine (2012): p. 115-155 . O’Grady & Archibald (2009) p. 146-189. Table of Content • Grammatical vs. Ungrammatical • The Sentence • Phrases • Tree Diagrams /Labelling Phrases • Inflection • Syntax & Ambiguity • Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure • Moves

  3. Definition: Syntax • A child’s definition  “All the money collected at church from sinners” (Taken from Laughing Matters, by Phil Callaway) • Syntax: The analysis of sentence structure

  4. Grammatical vs Ungrammatical

  5. Grammatical or Ungrammatical? 1. The boy found the ball 2. The boy found quickly 3. The boy found in the house 4. The boy found the ball in the house 5. David slept the baby 6. David slept soundly

  6. KEEP IN MIND • Written versus spoken • Formal versus informal (or even slang) • Right or wrong?

  7. The Sentence Different Perspectives to the sentence

  8. PERSPECTIVES • What do you see? • How would you describe it? • Why different answers: • Perspectives/background • Different descriptions

  9. Mise en situation

  10. Phrase Phrase Types Phrase Structure

  11. 1st Perspective of the Sentence The Verb is the center of the predicate • The most minimal view. • Constituents: • Subject (topic of the sentence) • Predicate (comment or assertion made about the topic) • Ex: The cat is the most beautiful in the world. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGN_NxKIIFM Based on Greek Logic !!! /

  12. 1st Perspective of the Sentence (Subject & Predicate) • Types of sentences based on grammatical construction • Simple sentence: 1 Subject + 1 Predicate Ex: The boy went swimming.

  13. 1st Perspective of the Sentence (Subject & Predicate) • Types of sentences based on grammatical construction • Compound sentence: (Subject & Predicate) + (Subject & Predicate) = Subject + CONJ + Subject + predicate = Subject + predicate CONJ + predicate Redundant Info

  14. 1st Perspective of the Sentence (Subject & Predicate) • Types of sentences based on grammatical construction • Compound sentence: • Ex: (The boy went swimming) + (The girl went swimming) = The boy and the girl went swimming. Redundant Info

  15. 1st Perspective of the Sentence (Subject & Predicate) • Types of sentences based on grammatical construction • Complex sentence: • (Simple: Subject & Predicate) + SUBORDINATING CONJ+ (Dependant: Subject & Predicate) (Etc.) • Ex: The cat slept while the dog ate. Relative Pronoun • Ex: The cat sleptwhilethe dog ate.

  16. 1st Perspective of the Sentence (Subject & Predicate) • Types of sentences based on grammatical construction • Compound-Complex sentence: • Ex: Although I like to go camping (Dep clause),  I haven't had the time to go lately (Ind clause), AND I haven't found anyone to go with (Ind clause). Based on Greek Logic

  17. nd Perspective of the Sentence • Types of sentences based on meaning, purpose or voice: • Declarative • Interrogative • Imperative • Exclamatory • Negative • Active or passive voice • Useful for : • Writing • Punctuation • Intonation

  18. 3 rd Perspective of the Sentence • Study of the sentence based on grammatical construction. • Phrases: • Heads of phrases + dependants • (specifiers + complements) • Nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, etc. Based on syntax

  19. Phrase Phrase Types Phrase Structure

  20. Let’sTryit Out How would you divide this sentence? • The children put the brand new toys in the box. • Definition of “phrases”: • independent linguistic objects with their own characteristics and internal structure

  21. From Phrase Structure to Sentence Structure • We form sentences by combining words into phrasal constituents, phrases into larger constituents, and these constituents into sentences.

  22. Phrase types • Noun Phrase (NP): Functions like a noun • Ex. The car, a clever student • Verb Phrase (VP): Functions like a verb • Ex: study hard, play the guitar

  23. Phrase types • Adjective Phrase (AP): Functions like an adjective • Ex: pretty, very tall, quite certain • Adverb Phrase (AdvP): Starts with an adverb / modify verbs • Ex: all day, for many days, at noon, like a child, to prove her intelligence

  24. Phrase types • Prepositional Phrase (PP): Starts with preposition (Prep) [in, on, with, etc.] • Ex:in the class, above the earth

  25. Phrase Structure Rules • NP  (Det) N (PP) • PP  P NP The bus in the yard NP The bus (NP) Det N Det N PP The bus P NP Det N The bus in the yard

  26. Phrase Structure Rules • VP  V (NP) (PP) • S  NP (Aux) VP took the money from the bank VP took the money (VP) V NP V NP PP Det N Det N P NP took the money Det N took the money from the bank

  27. Head Types • In Noun Phrase (NP): • Functions like a noun, head is noun (N) • Ex. The car, a clever student • In Verb Phrase (VP): • Functions like a verb, head is verb (V) • Ex: study hard, play the guitar • In Adjective Phrase (AP): • Functions like an adjective, head is adjective (Adj) • Ex: very tall, quite certain • In Prepositional Phrase (PP): • Head is preposition (Prep) [in, on, with, etc.] • Ex:in the class, above the earth

  28. Phrase Structure Phrase (XP) {Specifier}Head (X){Complement(s)} • The specifier narrows the meaning of the head. The complements give more information about the head. • All phrases have the same basic structure:

  29. Specifier types • In NPs, specifiers are determiners like a, the, this, that, these, those. • In VPs, specifiers are adverbs like always, never, seldom, often. • In APs, specifiers are degree words like very, quite, too, so. • In PPs, specifiers are adverbs like almost, nearly.

  30. Complement types • In NPs, complements can be PPs: cabin by the lake, book on the table. • In VPs, complements can be NPs or PPs: ate the cookies, ate at the park. • In APs, complements can be PPs: happy about the new job. • In PPs, complements are NPs: at the park.

  31. Sentence structure • The basic English sentence (S or IP) structure is: S (or IP) NP (Subject) • For this course, we will use either IP (for “inflection”) found in your textbook or S (for sentence) VP (Predicate)

  32. Simple Sentence • The NP and VP might only contain a head (no specifiers or complements): S NPVP NV Billswims

  33. Simple sentence 1 The boy swims. S NPVP Det N V The boyswims

  34. Simple sentence 2 The boy swims in the stream. S NPVP Det NV PP Prep NP Det N The boyswims in the stream

  35. Simple sentence 3 The boy from Ohio swims in the stream. S NPVP Det N PPVPP PrepNPPrepNP NDetN The boy fromOhioswimsinthe stream

  36. Tree Diagrams /Labelling Phrases

  37. Examplewithbrackets How would you devide this sentence into phrases? • The children put the toys in the box • [The children] [put[the toys] [in[the box] ] ]

  38. The Main Phrase Structure Rules 1. S  NP VP 2. NP  (Det) (AP) N (PP) 3. VP  (Aux) V (NP) 4. PP  (Deg) P (NP)

  39. Up Side Down Trees Sentence (+ Infl) Phrases (Phrases) SyntacticCategories Words

  40. O’Grady, p. 181 • How to build trees structures:

  41. How to Build a Tree (O’Grady, p. 181) Example - Phrase Tree (1) play with the toy VP VP V PP P NP Det N with the toy play

  42. Draw the tree Structure of phrase 1. repair the telephone 2. the success of the program 3. a film about pollution 4. move towards the window 5. The end of the road

  43. How to Build a Tree (O’Grady, p. 181) Example – Sentence Tree (2) He likes the toy. S NP VP N V NP Det N He likes the toy

  44. How to Build a Tree (O’Grady, p. 181) Example – Sentence Tree (2) The children like the toy. S NP VP Det N V NP PP N Det P NP Det N The children put the toy in the box

  45. How to Build a Tree (O’Grady, p. 181) Example – Sentence Tree (3) The children put the toy in the box. S NP VP Det N NP PP V Det N P NP Det N The children put the toy in the box

  46. Draw the structure trees for the following sentences Draw the tree structure of the following sentences: • Those guests should leave. • Maria never ate a brownie. • That shelf will fall. • The glass broke. • The student lost the debate. • The manager may offer a raise. Question # 5 (a–f) p. 187 (O’Grady)

  47. TENSE The tense of the sentence

  48. Tense of a Sentence? • What is the tense of this sentence? • He plays. • He will play. • He has played. • What marks the tense of the sentence? • What characterises these sentences? • Modal auxiliary

  49. « Inflection » or TENSE • Abstract category dubbed « tense » and sometimes « Infl » for inflection that indicates the tense of the sentence. • Within the VP

  50. Example (1) Future The old tree will sway in the wind. S NP VP Det Adj N V PP Infl Past (- Pst) P NP Det N Aux The old tree sway will in the wind

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