The Roles of Seaweed on Climate Change, Food Security and Natural Product

1. The Roles of Seaweed on Climate Change, Food Security and Natural Product A.Niartiningsih * and Elly Wahyudin** *Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries **Faculty of Pharmacy Hasanuddin University, Indonesia

2. Outline : • INTRODUCTION • SEAWEEDS AND CLIMATE CHANGE • SEAWEED FOR FOOD SECURITY • SEAWEED AS NATURAL PRODUCT FOR MEDICINE AND COSMETIC •  CONCLUSION

3. Introduction • Seaweeds  known as marine macroalgae • Seaweed is important not only as part of the marine ecosystem, but also as sources of foods and other natural products • Since issue of climate change and food security became crucial issues in the last decade, the potential roles of the seaweed, especially through seaweed mass aquaculture then become more crucial.

4. Global warming and climate change due to green house effect of increasing CO2 in the atmosphere. • The impact of global warming is not only tothe atmosphere but also to the ocean system. • If the temperature increases in the atmosphere, it will also affect the sea surface temperature.

5. The various impacts of climate changes are including impacts on marine resources and fisheries, sea level rise, storm, etc. Serious efforts need to be adopted and developed toward potential solution for reducing carbon emission and increasing carbon capture as effective means of climate change mitigation. Reforestation is a classic means of combating global warming Seaweeds as marine plants are also potential for capturing significant amount of atmospheric carbon, especially through extensive seaweed culture.

6. SEAWEED AND CLIMATE CHANGE • Indonesia has high potency of marine culture with coast line of 81,407 km, South Sulawesi has coast line 1,890 km. The projected capacity of seaweed production in Indonesia is huge (approximately 450,000 t) (IFC, 2003). The area using for seaweed production in Indonesia is about 2,6 million Ha in 2010 • South Sulawesi has produced the seaweed about 50% from national production since 2005 and the production tend to increase from year to year.

7. Half the photosynthesis in the world takes place in the oceans and in the seas absorb CO2 during photosynthesis Increasing the activities of seaweed culture could reduce the CO2 concentrations in the atmospheric . Seaweed cultivation  uptake carbondioxide and acting as a nutrient sink and produce O2, thereby improving water quality to some extent. Seaweed culture has been proposed as one method for the sequestration or immobilization of CO2 through filtrationor mechanical/chemical processes for long-term storage (Carlsson et al., 2007)

8. Estimation the Carbon uptake from Seaweed culture activities in South Sulawesi • Based on the research on seagrass shown that 1 m2 of seagrass area could take up the carbon 520 mgC/hr. It might be closed to seaweed. • The estimation of seaweed culture activities that responsible foruptake Carbon in South Sulawesi every day account for: 520 mgC/hr x 10h x 10.000 x 57.000 = 2.964 tonC/day.

9. Despite the potential roles of seaweed for climate change mitigation, there also has been concern that GW might affect marine organisms including seaweed aquaculture • In the last few months (April-June 2010), there were increasing SST around Indonesia and South East Asia due to Elnino phenomena which was up to 2-3 0C has been associated with more ice-ice diseases phenomena on Kappaphycus culture. In context of seaweed and climate change, this was not only mitigation aspect but also adaptation issues .

10. Seaweed for Food Security • Increasing income of the fisherman in the coastal area. • Empower the fisherman, involve many workers in varies culture activities (Seed production, tight the seed in the rope, setting the seed, maintain during growth-out), increasing their activities to be more productive. • Relatively easy to grow. • Using simple technology • Relatively small Investment • Relatively short Harvesting time (45 days). • High demand for local industries and export commodity. Benefit of Seaweed culture :

11. As food  seaweed can be consumed fresh : like salad or through processing traditionally or small scale industry and have been produced suchas: cake, candy, juice, etc.

12. The family of fisherman involve in production activities

13. Culture system in South Sulawesi • Most of seaweed culture are family scale activity. • Floating mono line system with long rope Kappaphycus alvarezii • Off bottom cultured system  Gracillaria sp

14. Estimation of seaweed Production in South Sulawesi from 2003 – 2009 (dry weight) * The data shown that in 2004 to 2005 has significant increase of seaweed production * Data from various source in Indonesia

15. Estimation of seaweedProduction in South Sulawesi in 2009 (dry weight) * Asperli data 2010, Makassar Indonesia

16. Number of family involved in Seaweed culture and the culture area in South Sulawesi (DKP Statistical data)

17. Problems in Seaweed Culture • Low production and low product quality • Low culture technique. • Poor quality of seaweed seeds, the production tend to decrease year to year. • Unsuitable culture site. • Difficult to get the seed in certain period of time. • Variation of growth and production among season. • Diseases of seaweed: ice-ice and parasite. • Low quality due to post harvest handling, i.e : drying system and premature harvesting • Heavy metal contaminated issues

18. Seaweed as a Natural Product Raw material for sunblock and anti-aging cream SEAWEED Raw material for pharmaceutical excipient Health Food and Drink

19. Seaweed as a raw material for sunblock and anti-aging cream • PHARMACY FACULTY OF HASANDDIN UNIVERSITY has formulated sunblock and cream using Euchema cottoni and Euchema spinosum as raw materials that physically stable and pharmacologically active as antioxidant.

20. Seaweed as raw material for pharmaceutical exipient • PHARMACY FACULTY OF HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY has extracted alginate from Sargassum siliquosum taken from Barang Lompo, South Sulawesi and resulted 21,42 % dry extract. Furthermore, it has been conducted a research about how to use alginate sodium as a coat in slow release teophyllin microencapsulated.

21. Health Food and Drink • PHARMACY FACULTY OF HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY has developed health food using seaweed result corn soup plus seaweed.

22. Conclusion • Seaweeds are very abundant naturally in the shallow marine ecosystem and especially potential to be produced in massive scale through aquaculture, especially in Indonesia as the biggest archipelagic country. • Seaweed as fast growing marine plants can uptake the CO2 effectively for their photosynthetic activities. Seaweed may play important roles in capturing and reducing emissions of CO2, hence potential remedies to eliminate global climate changes effect. • The recent global warming that increased SST also might threat seaweed aquaculture. Hence, in relation to climate change, seaweed has to be considered both for mitigation as well as the need to find the best strategy for adaptation.

23. The high quality components of seaweeds have been contributing to provide alternative healthy foods for human being, thus potentially become a source of alternative food to ensure food security for our next generation in this earth. • High variety of excellent natural products been found in variety of seaweed species have been utilized as raw material for many different medicines and cosmetics.

24. Thank you TERIMA KASIH