Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

1. Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

2. Introduction • Motivation

3. Motivational Concepts

4. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology • Instinct (fixed pattern) • Instincts in animals • Instincts in humans

5. Drives and Incentives • Drive-reduction theory • Homeostasis • Need • Drive • Drive reduction

6. Drives and Incentives • Drive-reduction theory • Homeostasis • Need • Drive • Drive reduction

7. Drives and Incentives • Drive-reduction theory • Homeostasis • Need • Drive • Drive reduction

8. Drives and Incentives • Incentive • Positive and negative

9. Optimum Arousal • Arousal • Optimum level of arousal

10. A Hierarchy of Motives • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • Variations in the hierarchy

11. A Hierarchy of Motives

12. A Hierarchy of Motives

13. A Hierarchy of Motives

14. A Hierarchy of Motives

15. A Hierarchy of Motives

16. A Hierarchy of Motives

17. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. Hunger

19. The Physiology of Hunger • Contractions of the stomach • Washburn study

20. The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Glucose • Insulin • Hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus • orexin • Vetromedial hypothalamus

21. The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Appetite hormones • Ghrelin • Obestatin • PYY • Leptin • Set point • Basal metabolic rate

22. The Psychology of HungerTaste Preferences: Biology and Culture • Taste preferences • Genetic: sweet and salty • Neophobia • Adaptive taste preferences

23. The Psychology of HungerEating Disorders • Eating disorders • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • Binge-eating disorder

24. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

25. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

28. Obesity and Weight Control • Historical explanations for obesity • Obesity • Definition • Statistics • Obesity and life expectancy

29. Obesity

30. Obesity

31. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity • Social effects of obesity • Weight discrimination • Psychological effects of obesity

32. Weight Discrimination

33. Weight Discrimination

34. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Fat Cells

35. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Set point and metabolism

36. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • The genetic factor • The food and activity factor • Sleep loss • Social influence • Food consumption and activity level

37. Obesity and Weight ControlLosing Weight • Realistic and moderate goals • Success stories • Attitudinal changes

38. Sexual Motivation

39. The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle • Sexual response cycle • Excitement phase • Plateau phase • Orgasm • Resolution phase • Refractory period

40. The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones • Development of sexual characteristics • Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen • Testosterone

41. The Psychology of Sex • External stimuli • Imagined stimuli • Dreams • Sexual fantasies

42. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

43. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

44. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

45. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

46. Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy • Ignorance • Minimal communication about birth control • Guilt related to sexual activity • Alcohol use • Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

47. Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections • Statistics of STIs • Teen abstinence • High intelligence • Religious engagement • Father presence • Participation in service learning programs • xxx

48. Sexual Orientation • Sexual orientation • Homosexual orientation • Heterosexual orientation • Sexual orientation statistics

49. Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation • Origins of sexual orientation studies • Fraternal birth order effect • Same-sex attraction in animals • The brain and sexual orientation • Genes and sexual orientation • Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

50. The Need to Belong