Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How

1. Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.

3. "NSEC" NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass Research Education Outreach

4. Nanotechnology The biggest science initiative since the Apollo program

5. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter = 1 x 10-9 m nano.gov

6. Single Hair Width = 0.1 mm How small are nanostructures? = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nanometers !

7. DNA 6,000 nanometers 3 nanometers 10 nm objects made by guided self-assembly Smaller still Hair . 100,000 nanometers

8. The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More Ant ~ 5 mm Dust mite 200 mm Fly ash ~ 10-20 mm DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter Atoms of silicon spacing 0.078 nm Things Natural Things Manmade 1 cm 10 mm 10-2 m Head of a pin 1-2 mm The Challenge 1,000,000 nanometers = 10-3 m 1 millimeter (mm) MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices 10 -100 mm wide Microwave 0.1 mm 100 mm 10-4 m Human hair ~ 60-120 mm wide Microworld 0.01 mm 10 mm 10-5 m Pollen grain Red blood cells Infrared Red blood cells (~7-8 mm) Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outer ring spacing ~35 nm 1,000 nanometers = 10-6 m 1 micrometer (mm) Visible Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage. 0.1 mm 100 nm 10-7 m Ultraviolet Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm Nanoworld 0.01 mm 10 nm 10-8 m ~10 nm diameter Nanotube electrode ATP synthase 10-9 m 1 nanometer (nm) Carbon buckyball ~1 nm diameter Soft x-ray Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter 10-10 m 0.1 nm Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. DOE Version 05-26-06, pmd

9. Applications of Nanotechnology

10. 20 GB 40 GB 10 GB 2001 2002 2004 Hard drive Magnetic data storage 80 GB 160 GB 2006 2007 First, One Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity Uses nanotechnology!

11. Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits Hitachi

12. “Read” Head Signal 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _ “Bits” of information Magnetic Data Storage A computer hard drive stores your data magnetically “Write” Head current magnets S N Disk N S direction of disk motion

13. coil Perpendicular Write Head Granular Media Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL) • CHM Goal: Make "perfect" media using self-assembled nano-templates • Also, making new designs for storage Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology • The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology 1 bit Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)

14. Applications of Nanotechnology Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance. Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already: • Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles • Photographic film - silver nanoparticles • Tires - carbon black nanoparticles • Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

15. Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale? • To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more -- a sustainable future!) • To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

16. The National Nanotechnology Initiative nano.gov - the website of the NNI

17. Types of Nanostructures and How They Are Made

18. Nanoscale Devices and Systems "Nanostructures" Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials "nanorod" "nanoparticle" "nanofilm" "nanotube" and more nanoscale outer dimensions nanoscale internal structure Integrated nano-objects and materials

19. Lithography • Deposition • Etching • Machining • Chemical • Self-Assembly Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing "Top down" versus "bottom up" methods

20. Some nanomaterials are just alternate arrangements of well-known materials Carbon materials diamond graphite 2010 Nobel Prize! C60 graphene carbon nanotubes

21. Nanofilms Nanofilm on glass Nanofilm on plastic Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes "Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light

22. A nanofilm method:Thermal Evaporation sample QCM Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber film vapor Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others Pressure is held low to prevent contamination! vacuum ~10-7 torr source There are many other thin film manufacturing techniques heating source vacuum pump

23. spin coating apply spin bake spin on resist resist expose unexposed exposed mask (reticle) "scission" develop deposit liftoff narrow line process recipe substrate Patterning: Photolithography narrow trench etch

24. Release Imprint Pressure Heat or Cure Mold Template Polymer or Prepolymer Substrate Patterning: Imprint Lithography • Thermal Imprint Lithography • Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating • UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography • Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold

25. Limits of Lithography • Complex devices need to be patterned several times • Takes time and is expensive • Limited by wavelength of light • Deep UV ~ 30nm features • Can use electrons instead • 1nm features possible • MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring On a Computer Chip

26. Self Assembly

27. An Early Nanotechnologist?

28. Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773) ...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass.... A nanofilm!

29. "Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis (reverse-micelle method) "Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993) Color is determined by particle size!

30. a Interaction with Light E = hf 420 THz 750 THz "Artificial atom" Many applications: solar cells, biomarkers, lighting, and more!

31. ~10 nm SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS Block “B” Block “A” PS PMMA Scale set by molecular size Ordered Phases 10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

32. Deposition Template Etching Mask Nanoporous Membrane CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION (physical or electrochemical) Remove polymer block within cylinders (expose and develop) Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

33. Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask nanoporous template 1x1012 magnets/in2 Data Storage... ...and More

34. More Applications of Nanotechnology

35. Solar Cells Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy. Konarka

36. “load” Electric Solar Cells p-n junction interface Sunlight - cross-sectional view - - - -- - - - n-type silicon 0.5 Volt Voltage + + + ++ + + + p-type silicon + The electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell Current

37. “load” Nanostructured Solar Cells Sunlight - Voltage + Current More interface area - More power!

38. Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment tumor gold nanoshells Halas group, Rice Univ. www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390 www.nano.gov/html/news/SpecialPapers/Cancer

39. Nanotechnology is an example ofThe Medici Effect at workPeople from diverse fields working together -- more rapidly solving important problems in our society • Physics • Chemistry • Biology • Materials Science • Polymer Science • Electrical Engineering • Chemical Engineering • Mechanical Engineering • Medicine • And others • Electronics • Materials • Health/Biotech • Chemical • Environmental • Energy • Food • Aerospace • Automotive • Security • Forest products

40. Cooperation and Collaboration Across Professions Makes It Happen • Cooperation of academia, industry, and government to advance science and technology • Example: America Competes Act (Dec. 2010) - Nanotechnology and Education play key roles • Example: American Manufacturing Partnership (June 2011) - Nanotechnology and Education play key roles Education + Science + Engineering + Business + Policy + More

41. A Message for StudentsNanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world