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IEEE Power Engineering Society Toronto Chapter

IEEE Power Engineering Society Toronto Chapter. Ontario Wind Turbines – Testing of Electrical Safety  Kinectrics Seminar May, 2007 Eugene Peter Dick IEEE Senior Member 49 Lynngrove Ave Toronto, Ontario epdick@ieee.org 647 438 8116. 1.5 MW GE Wind Turbine. Foundation - Elevation.

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IEEE Power Engineering Society Toronto Chapter

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  1. IEEE Power Engineering Society Toronto Chapter Ontario Wind Turbines – Testing of Electrical Safety  Kinectrics Seminar May, 2007 Eugene Peter Dick IEEE Senior Member 49 Lynngrove Ave Toronto, Ontario epdick@ieee.org 647 438 8116

  2. 1.5 MW GE Wind Turbine

  3. Foundation - Elevation

  4. Tower • Height: 65 to 80+ m • Base Flange: 5 m f , circa 200 bolts (ext, interior) • Sections: 3 joined by interior flanges, platforms • Access: ladder with fall restraint • Bus type: rigid or locomotive flexible cable • Section: 500+ mm2 (1 000+ mcm) • Erection: 500 tonne crane

  5. Bolt Ring – Duplicated Inside

  6. 500 Tonne Crane

  7. Nacelle

  8. Rotor Blades • Diameter: 71 m • Speed: 12 – 22 rpm • Gearbox: 3-step planetary spur gear, ratio 72 • Power vs wind speed: kWk/hr 50 14 150 21 450 28 900 36 1 500 43 cut out 90

  9. Generator • Rating: 1.5 MW, 1.72 MVA, 575 V, stator 1 509 A • Type: double fed, 3 f, (induction?) synchronous • Rotor via PWM drive rated 300 kW • Poles: 6, - / + 20 % speed (864 to 1 440 rpm) • H (inertial const): 6.55 s (gen alone 0.8 s) • Xd” (subtransient reactance): 0.27 pu • Protection: V over / under / unbal, f over / under • Control: pf or current compensated V

  10. Typical Interconnect Requirements • < 88 % V trip in 2 s, < 50 % V trip in 0.16 s • > 110 % V trip in 1 s, > 120 % V trip in 0.16 s • < 59.8 Hz trip in 300 s, < 57 Hz trip in 0.16 s • DV on synch: < 5 %, flicker IEEE Std 519, 1453 • dc: < 0.5 % on I • harmonics: < 4, 2, 1.5, 0.6 % (h<11, 17, 23, 35) • islanding with load: trip in less than 2 s • no impact on utility feeder protection

  11. Stepup Transformer

  12. Transformer / Collection System • Xmer: 575 / 34.5 kV, Yg / D, Z = 0.76 + j 5.70 % • 35-kV, 67 mm2 (AWG 2/0) concentric Neu cable • several units daisy-chained to riser pole • may run Neu / bond back to main substation • overhead line may be 3 or 4-wire • typically 4 collection lines to main station, CB • each collection line may have gnding Xmer • main Xmer: 34.5 / 230 kV, 100 MVA

  13. Stepup Transformer Cabinet

  14. Cable Run to Riser Pole

  15. Collection Line to Main Substation

  16. Main Substation

  17. Grounding Transformers

  18. 230-kV System Tie

  19. Erie Shores Setting

  20. Erie Shores Layout

  21. Erie Shores Ground Electrode

  22. Sault Ste Marie (Prince) Wilderness

  23. Prince Layout

  24. Prince in Autumn

  25. Prince in Late Autumn

  26. Prince Ground Electrode

  27. Prince 1 Collection Cable

  28. Grounding - Objectives • limit V between touchable objects • provide low Z path so protection sees fault I • direct fault I, lightning away from equipment • minimize interference

  29. Grounding - Definitions • Remote earth: soil not rising in potential on faults • Bonding: to connect two objects with low Z path • Grounding: to provide bonding to remote earth • G System: all conductors that facilitate grounding • G Current: fault current that enters a G system • G Electrode: conductors that dissipate I into soil • G Potential Rise: V between G system, remote soil • Step Potential: foot-to-foot V during system fault • Touch Potential: hand-to-foot V on system fault

  30. Grounding – Tested Quantities • GPR: general hazard indicator, telco pairs • Step V: coord to safe body withstand (180, 1 550 V) • Touch V: coord to safe body withstand (168, 663 V) • Touch types: structure, mesh, fence, gate, exterior • Current splits: on external connections: Neu, Ohg • Soil resistivity: model all of above • Surface stone resistivity: check for deterioration • Conductor integrity: mW measured and modelled

  31. Ig - Vg + Telco GPR = Rg Ig

  32. C2 C1 P2 P1 x c Measure Rg with Fall of Potential

  33. 4 5 1 3 6 2 Locate Probe P at 62 % of Probe C

  34. C2 C1 P2 P1 x c r1 h r2 When Soil Has Two Layers

  35. Adjust Location for P to C Ratio

  36. C2 C1 P2 P1 x c Interconnections Affect P to C Ratio

  37. C2 C1 P2 P1 x low r c high r Soil Anomalies Affect P to C Ratio

  38. x C2 C1 P2 P1 low r c high r Proximity Correction: Arbitrary P, C

  39. Running Out Leads in Fair Weather

  40. Testing When Snow Flies

  41. Reading the AC Milliohm Meter

  42. Six Towers Left Before Nightfall

  43. Split- Core CT Network Analyzer C1 C2 low r c high r Network Analyzer for Current Splits

  44. Rogawski Coil for Current Splits

  45. Counterpoise Current Split

  46. Network Analyzer, Scope, Megger

  47. P1 x P2 Network Analyzer C1 C2 low r c high r Network Analyzer for Impedance

  48. Zd Ic + Vp - a Ic + a Ic Rgp - Rg - Ic Rcp + - Ic Rcg + Xcg Xgp Xcp Equiv Cct for Proximity Corrections

  49. Proximity Correction Method • Zg = Zm + a Rgp + b Rcg – Rcp • b = Zd / ( Zd + Rg ) • a = b + Rcg / ( Rcg + Zd ) • measure Zm and a • read Zm at several locations for P • find Zg for each, average these estimates • calculate standard deviation as quality check

  50. Measuring Step Potential

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