The Cold War

1. The Cold War 1945 - 1991 United States & Great Britain Russia v. Which nation does this flag represent? Which nations do these flags represent?

2. What is the Cold War? How was it “cold?” 46-year struggle/rivalry between the United States & the Soviet Union “cold” – because two superpowers never faced each other directly in “hot” military conflict

3. The Soviet Union & Eastern Europe • Analyze both maps & think about this: • What are these maps showing you? • Why might this be a concerning for the U. S.?

4. Differences between the United States & Soviet Union Capitalism Communism • People participate in making gov’t decisions • More than one political party • Most industry & agriculture owned by private individuals • Citizens own business and employ workers; keep all profits made • Limits on government interference in people’s lives. • Freedom of speech & movement • Gov’t makes all economic decisions • Usually a one-party state • Industry & agriculture owned by state • Goods and services are equally shared • Classless society with no individual profit-making • The gov’t controlled most aspects of people’s lives • Strong censorship with restrictions on what could be said or written

5. What’s next… • Cold War Timeline Complete these events: 1947 Truman Doctrine – 1955 Warsaw Pact

6. 1947: Truman Doctrine announced Greece & Turkey battling communist forces seeking to gain control – needed aid Truman Doctrine – Truman promised to aid nations struggling against communist movements

7. 1947: Kennan outlines Containment Policy Kennan – American diplomat & authority on Soviet Union Containment policy – keep communism contained within its existing borders; became America’s policy (page 850)

8. 1948: Marshall Plan authorized Sec. of State George Marshall’s plan to help Europe recover from war (page 850) Marshall Plan – economic aid for nations in Western Europe - U.S. gave money (grants & loans), food, fuel

9. Marshall Plan’s Impact

10. 1948: Berlin Blockade/Airlift Stalin stopped all forms of traffic from West Germany into West Berlin plan: w/o aid West Berlin would fall to communists U.S. & Britain provided supplies though a massive airlift for 1 yr.

11. 1949: NATO formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization – military alliance; goal was to stop Soviet expansion

12. 1949: People’s Republic of Chinaproclaimed Mao Zedong Mao Zedong led communist forces in China against Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek Mao defeated nationalist forces & renamed China People’s Republic of China – communist nation Truman Adm. blamed for not providing enough support; failure of containment policy

13. 1950: Another Red Scare: McCarthyism Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed State Department was full of communists McCarthyism – extreme, reckless charges of disloyalty discredited real concerns about communists in the U.S. Red Scare declined by 1954

14. 1950: Korean War begins Korea – split at38th parallel; North was communist, South noncommunist N. Korea attacked S. Korea & took S. Korea’s capital, Seoul UN Security Council voted to aid S. Korea; Truman ordered U.S. troops to S. Korea Douglas MacArthur led UN troops, drove N. Koreans back to 38th parallel; China helped N. Korea (pages 856 – 857)

15. 1953: Korean War ends stalemate until 1953 Eisenhower elected U.S. President – promised to end war cease-fire signed, division at 38th parallel restored – still in effect today

16. 1955: Warsaw Pact formed West Germany became a member of NATO in 1955 In response, the Soviet Union and its satellite states formed the Warsaw Pact, a rival military alliance to NATO

17. Europe’s Military Alliances NATO Treaty, 1949 Warsaw Pact, 1955

18. Who started the Cold War?

19. Iron Curtain of Europe Baltic Sea Adriatic Sea

20. What’s next… • Cold War Timeline Complete these events: 1957 Sputnik – 1968 Vietnam War Tet Offensive

21. 1957: Sputnik launched by Soviets & U.S. reaction • Sputnik I - Soviet space satellite • U.S. reaction • Congress approved the National Defense Education Act - $1 billion program to produce more scientists and teachers of science • Congress created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to plan space-related projects

22. 1961: Bay of Pigsinvasion 1959 Fidel Castro set up a communist gov’t in Cuba Eisenhower had approved CIA plan to invade Cuba & overthrow Castro; recruited Cuban exiles & trained in Guatemala Kennedy executed plan – CIA-led force of Cuban exiles attacked Cuba plan failed & turned many Cuban Americans against Kennedy

23. 1961: Berlin Crisis/Berlin Wall Khrushchev Kennedy Khrushchev (Soviet leader) demanded U.S. recognize division of Germany & end military presence in West Berlin; Kennedy refused Khrushchev ordered construction of a wall between E. & W. Berlin – Berlin Wall; Kennedy sent 1,500 U.S. troops to W. Berlin

24. 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis Range of Cuban missiles U.S. discovered Soviets building nuclear missile sites in Cuba to protect Castro from an American invasion major East Coast cities would be in range Kennedy demanded removal of missiles & set up blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviets from completing bases Khrushchev removed missiles

25. Vietnam: North & South Buddhist monk sets himself on fire to protest the Diem regime Ho Chi Minh Communist Leader of North Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem Nationalist Leader of South Vietnam Removed from power & assassinated in 1963

26. 1964: Vietnam War - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Vietnam divided at 17th parallel - Ho Chi Minh’s communist forces ruled N. Vietnam, anticommunist gov’t led by Diem set up in S. Vietnam N. Vietnam forces supported Vietcong – S. Vietnamese communist rebels; N. Vietnam fired on American destroyer USS Maddox, not hit Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - 1964 congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit U.S. troops to South Vietnam & fight war against communist North Vietnam - Operation Rolling Thunder

27. Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh “compared his troops to a tiger, while Americans were like an elephant. If the tiger stands still, the elephant will crush it. But if the tiger keeps moving and occasionally jumps on the elephant to take a bite out of it, the elephant will slowly bleed to death.” What does this his philosophy tell you about the nature of the Vietnam War?

28. Vietnam War

29. 1968: Vietnam War – Tet Offensive Tet Offensive – Vietcong’s coordinated attack on S. Vietnam; 36 provincial capitals, 5 major cities, & U.S. embassy in Saigon American & S. Vietnamese forces stopped offensive, but demonstrated communists had not lost will or ability to fight President Johnson announced would not run for a second term

30. 1972: Nixon visits China President Nixon meets with China’s Communist Party leader, Mao Zedong After Chinese communist revolution, U.S. never formally recognized People’s Rep. of China Nixon wanted to - benefit U.S. economically (trade) & distance relationship b/w China & Soviet Union Nixon made an official state visit to China – successful at opening relations w/ China full Diplomatic relations established b/w U.S. & China in 1979

31. 1972: SALT I Treaty signed – Détente w/ Soviet Union begins President Nixon and Soviet Premier Brezhnev exchange the SALT I treaty After China visit, Soviet leader Brezhnev invited Nixon to Soviet Union Signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) - limited certain types of nuclear arms production; never ratified by U.S. Détente policy begins – ease tensions between U.S., Soviet Union, & China 1979 - Carter signed SALT II

32. 1973: Vietnam War – Paris Peace Accords signed – U.S. withdrawal begins • U.S., S. Vietnam, N. Vietnam, & Vietcong signed Paris Peace Accords • agreed to a cease-fire & U.S. troop withdrawal from S. Vietnam • N. & S. would begin peaceful negotiations • ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam War

33. 1975: Saigon falls to communists American civilian & military personnel in Saigon were evacuated before the city’s fall. Operation Frequent Wind - largest helicopter evacuation in history. Neither N. nor S. Vietnam honored cease-fire or worked toward peace Communists took Saigon (S. Vietnam’s capital) & without U.S. aid S. Vietnam fell Unified Vietnam became communist

34. 1979: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan & U.S. reaction Soviets in Afghanistan mountains U.S. President Jimmy Carter Soviet Union claimed invited by government to help against resistance fighters (Mujahedeen) U.S. President Carter responded by withdrawing SALT II from Senate & imposed sanctions (penalties) on Soviets – ex. U.S. boycott of 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow, suspended grain sales to Soviet Union

35. 1985-89: Reagan / Gorbachev meetings Soviet Leader Gorbachev & President Reagan U.S. President Reagan &Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev met 4 times between 1985-89 signed a nuclear arms pact and agreed to reduce number of nuclear weapons

36. 1989: Berlin Wall falls / E. European nations throw off Communism East German Border guards demolishing a section of the Berlin Wall 1989 – East Germany’s communist government fell; Berlin wall torn down Communists also lost power in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, & Romania in 1989; Albania in 1990; Yugoslavia in 1991

37. 1991: Soviet Union collapses Communist Party lost power & Soviet Union separated into 15 independent republics Cold War ended (1945-1991)