Warm up 12/3/13

1. Warm up 12/3/13 • What is manifest destiny and how did it affect westward expansion?

2. “The more Indians we can kill this year, the less will have to be killed the next war.” -General William Tecumseh Sherman

3. Native Americans Policy toward Native Americans changed over time # the 4 policy changes 1 – 4 Removal – Indian Removal Act, 1830, Pres. Jackson -move the 5 “civilized” nations to Oklahoma so white settlers could have the good land -”Trail of Tears” Reservations – 1850’s (p. 438) -white settlers wanted western lands -break up power of Plains Indians & open up their land for settlement

4. Assimilation (p. 442) -becoming similar to the people around you -reformers believed they would be better off if they abandoned their culture and adopted the culture of white America -established the Bureau of Indian Affairs forced kids to go to school -boys had to cut their hair -wear American clothing vs skins & blankets -speak English -no face paint -discouraged from practicing their own culture

5. “They made us many promises, more than I can remember, but they never kept but one. They promised to take our land, and they took it.” -Red Cloud

6. Dawes Act 1887 (p. 443) -Americanize the Native Americans -broke up reservations & turned Native Americans into individual property owners -Not successful since the best land was sold off and the poor land given to the Native Americans

7. “What treaty that the whites have kept has the red man broken? Not one. What treaty that the white man ever made with us have they kept? Not one.” -Sitting Bull

8. Resistance Indian Wars • Sand Creek Massacre p. 440 – do yourself • “Long Walk” -Navajos from AZ, NM, UT and CO were forced to relocate to Fort Sumner at Bosque Redondo, NM -1st reservation west of OK -After 4+ years, they were allowed to return to their native lands along the NM-AZ border -Today, the Navajo Nation is the largest Native American community in the US

9. homework • finish the summaries about Native American resistance

10. Warm up 12/4/13 • Read the 2 paragraphs under the heading “Major Western Trails” p. 297 • Read about 1 of the 3 trails. Write down 4 facts.

11. Take out your pink packet • 1st page should be complete. • We are completing front of page 2 today • In the margin of page 2, write “Manifest Destiny” • Read p. 297 and explain what it means

12. Mountain Men • Sense of adventure; rugged individuals • Lived by hunting and fur trading • Provided information about the West for future settlement • link between whites and Native Americans Arizona Connection: Bill Williams – Williams, AZ Pauline Weaver – Weaver’s Needle in the Superstitions

13. Mormons • Church founded in 1830 in NY by Joseph Smith • Persecuted by religious and political groups • Smith & followers moved to OH and then IL • Began “trek” to West in 1846 led by Brigham Young • Arrived in Salt Lake valley in 1847 – it was Mexican territory at the time Arizona Connection: Mesa established in 1877 as a Mormon settlement

14. Miners • California Gold Rush – 1849 • Other Gold Rushes followed • Silver and copper also discovered • the miners moved west east as lodes ran out or new ones were discovered Arizona Connection: Tombstone, Bisbee, Globe, Jerome and many other towns began as mining settlements

15. Warm up 12/5/13 • Read p. 460 “Tentacles of Steel” • Using complete sentences, answer these 2 questions: • Why did the government begin to regulate the railroads? • Why was the Southern Pacific Railroad thought of as an octopus?

16. Railroad • Write 3 facts from the video in the margin of the “Railroad” page

17. Railroads (map. 462) • America’s first BIG business • Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869 at Promontory Point Summit, Utah • 1870-1890 - huge growth in western railroads • Immigrants provided labor force • Federal government gave companies land for each mile of track laid And in Exchange… • Railroads agreed to transport mail and soldiers at reduced rates

18. Effects of railroad construction • Faster & Easier to get across the country • encouraged people to move onto the Great Plains • Construction provided jobs for immigrants, especially Chinese and Irish • Boosted US economy • Physically united America • Loss of buffalo severely hurt the Native Americans (the buffalo was their Super Wal-Mart)

19. Construction made possible by: • Favorable terrain (except for those Rocky mountains!) • Land grants from the Federal Govt • Large number of immigrants looking for work (especially Chinese & Irish)

20. Transcontinental Railroad Central Pacific California Chinese Workers Union Pacific Irish Workers

21. One Effect of the Railroad • Summary activity: In your notebook, under today’s warm up, write a 6 sentence paragraph with the following line as your topic sentence: • “The railroads changed the American West in positive and negative ways.” • Homework if you do not finish

22. 12/6/13 • List the 3 “M” groups that helped settle the West. • List 3 facts about the railroads

23. Ranchers • Demand for beef skyrocketed after Civil War • Texas provided grassland good for ranching (Texas Longhorns) • Problem was getting cattle to market • Problem solved when railroads reached Kansas • “Long Drive” – huge herds moved from Texas to Kansas along cattle trails: Goodnight – Loving, Chisholm, and other trails “Myth of the cowboy” – independent, rugged life glamorized and became the subject of many films and TV shows (Western) End of the Long Drive caused by: • Drought and blizzards, 1883-1887 • Barbed Wire invented by Joseph Glidden • Railroad extended into Texas

24. From her journal… “Rose about five. Had early breakfast. Got my house work done about nine. Baked 6 loaves of bread. Made a kettle of mush and have now suet pudding and beef boiling…I have managed to put my clothes away and set my house in order. may the merciful be with me through the unexpected scene. Nine o’clock p.m. was delivered of another son.”

25. Marilla R. Washburn Bailey From an interview with her at age 87 “I was married at 15, and was not a good cook and housekeeper, but I knew how to take care of babies, from having cared for my brothers and sisters. I had ten babies of my own and never had any help…I could paddle my own canoe or handle a rowboat as well as an Indian…When my husband was away, I could hunt for the meat on which we lived, for I could handle a revolver or rifle as well as most men. I have shot bears, deer, and all sorts of smaller game. In fact, I became so expert with a revolver that at 50 or 100 feet I could beat most men.”

26. Farmers (a.k.a.Homesteaders) *Homestead Act of 1862 *160 acres of land for free *If a settler would: • Live on the land for 5 years and cultivate the land • Improve the land • Build a house (12’x14’), with a window and door Effect of the Homestead Act… By 1900, 400,000 homesteaders had acquired farms Exodusters – African American farmers who moved west in hope of gaining free land

27. map of plains states

28. Problems faced by settlers on the plains: Difficult climate: Hot, dry summers; cold, severe winters; sudden, severe storms (hail, tornados) • Few trees • Houses and fences difficult to build – sod for houses and wire for fences • Fuel – burned “buffalo chips” for heating and cooking • Root-filled soil • Few streams for transportation/ irrigation • Getting crops to markets in Eastern cities Many farmers did not succeed in homesteading

29. Mary Richardson Walker • Missionary wife who moved in the 1830s to a farm near Spokane, Washington Her work day averaged 16 hours. She was responsible for washing, ironing, sewing [she made all the family’s clothes, including shoes], baking, making, soap and cheese, churning butter, dipping candles, weaving carpets, and salting and smoking meats.

30. New technology helped farmers • Windmill • Steel plow (John Deere) • Barbed wire (Joseph Glidden) • Reaping machine (Cyrus McCormick) • Railroads Of these 5 inventions, which do you think was most important for the farmer? Why?

31. Westward quiz • Name one way America acquired new land. • Name one country the US got new land from. • What is manifest destiny? • Who were Lewis, Clark and Pike? • Why is the moving of Native Americans westward often called a “Trail of Tears”?