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Biology

Biology. “Bio”= “logy”=. Sub Categories of Biology. Ornithology Ecology Microbiology Herpetology Limnology Etc. Botany Zoology Genetics Anatomy Physiology Ichthyology. Biological Organization Biosphere (Largest Grouping) Ecosystem

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Biology

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  1. Biology “Bio”= “logy”=

  2. Sub Categories of Biology • Ornithology • Ecology • Microbiology • Herpetology • Limnology • Etc. • Botany • Zoology • Genetics • Anatomy • Physiology • Ichthyology

  3. Biological Organization Biosphere (Largest Grouping) Ecosystem Population OrganismOrganSystemOrganTissueCellMacromoleculesAtomsSubatomic Particles (very specific)

  4. Organizing Life Eukaryote Prokaryote Multicellular Unicellular Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Homo sapian Bos taurus Canis lupis Canis domesticus Bos bison

  5. Themes of Biology Scientific Inquiry Systems Structure and Function Cells Reproduction Biology Adaptations Societal Factors Interaction With Environment Regulation Energy

  6. Themes of Biology • Systems- most living things are composed of systems • Specialization of components (Heart only pumps blood, nerves only send signals) • Must work together for a common goal (without pedals, a bicycle would be useless) • Cells: ALL living organisms contain at least one cell

  7. Structure and Function • The structure determines the function • Muscle cells are long and skinny vs. a blood cell that is circular • Reproduce/Heredity • Must be able to produce new life from existing life • Offspring “inherit” (obtain) similar characteristics from parents (depending if asexual or sexual) • DNA

  8. Interact with Environment • Stimuli and Response (Hot stove and your hand) • CNS and PNS • Your body temperature vs. a Snake • (Stenothermic or warm, poikiolothermic or cold) • Energy • Energy is required to maintain organization, and all life is organized • Producers (autotrophs) vs. Consumers (heterotroph)

  9. Regulation (Homeostasis): • Requires energy • Temperature, H2O, Na, K • Adaptations (natural selection) • Best characteristics are passed on to offspring • Organisms are in general becoming more “complex” • Evolution: a SPECIES can change over time

  10. Societal Factors Human interactions • Positive: Disease prevention and treatment • Negative: Pollution • Inquiry: Asking questions to solve problems Plants on the mountain: Why do they grow to different heights?

  11. Problem Solving • Scientific Method • Problem/Question (inquiry):Why does something occur? • Research what is currently known • Hypothesis (your best explanation) • Experiment (Designed to test the problem) • Conclusions / Re-experiment (Does the experiment confirm the hypothesis?)

  12. Hypothesis/ Theory • Terms NOT interchangeable • What are the differences? • Hypothesis: Guess that is based on previous knowledge, but not shown to be true • Can never be proven absolutely correct • Can be disproved by a single experiment • Theory: Based on a large amount of evidence shown to be the best explanation to explain an occurrence • Well tested • May be modified or discarded • Theory of Gravititational interaction • Hypothesis of Friday-night’s football game

  13. Experimentation • Independent variable: You set for the experiment (time, distance, etc) • Dependent variable: something you measure as a result of the independent • Control: Group that is not changed, the baseline information- allows isolation and testing of a single variable • Constant(s): Factors that are held the same between groups (remember you only want ONE variable, everything else is a constant) • Repeatable

  14. A farmer wants to test the effects of fertilizer on her corn field. Her question is How does the amount of fertilizer affect corn yield (how much corn is produced…. Expressed as bushels per acre) Hypothesis ?? Increasing fertilizer causes increases in yield How would you test the hypothesis? Experiment by varying the amounts of fertilizer How can you ensure that the fertilizer causes the change In yield? Hold all other variables constant, ie same type of corn, Same amount of sun, same amount of rain, same type of soil, Same planting date, same harvest date, same etc…. ONLY CHANGE ONE VARIABLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE

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