ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA

1. ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA

2. The "six" kingdom taxonomic scheme

3. What do you think about………….. T B C

4. Prokaryotes are classified into two groups :

5. Founded by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1674). • bacterium named by Ehrenberg (1828), from Yunani word is βακτηριον meaning "small stick".

6. E. coli on the surface of the intestine.

7. E. coli on the surface of human skin

8. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Found in harsh environments(undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water) • Cell wallswithout peptidoglycan • Plasma membrane contain lipid with eter bound • Ribosom contain some RNA Polymerase • Subdivided into 3 groups based on their habitat -- 1. methanogens, 2. thermoacidophiles, & 3. extreme halophiles

9. Archaea live in • anaerobic swamps • salt lakes • acidic hot springs • deep-sea hydrothermal vents • animal digestive systems

10. Kingdom Eubacteria (true bacteria) • Cell walls with peptidoglycan • Ribosom contain one kind of RNA Polymerase • Plasma membrane contain lipid with ester bound • Most bacteria in this kingdom • Come in 3 basic shapes --- cocci (spheres), bacilli (rod shaped), spirilla (corkscrew shape)

11. THE STRUCTURE

13. Structure of bacteria

15. STRUCTURE FUNCTION the cell

16. Pili help cells attach to surfaces Pili Figure 16.12B

17. Endospores allow certain bacteria to survive environmental extremes in a resting stage Endospore Figure 16.12C

18. variety of shapes • Spheres (cocci) are the most common • Rods (bacilli) • Curves or spirals Figure 16.9A-C

20. Kokus (Coccus) dalah bakteri yang berbentuk bulat seperti bola, dan mempunyai beberapa variasi sebagai berikut: • Mikrococcus, jika kecil dan tunggal • Diplococcus, jka bergandanya dua-dua • Tetracoccus, jika bergandengan empat dan membentuk bujursangkar • Sarcina, jika bergerombol membentuk kubus • Staphylococcus, jika bergerombol • Streptococcus, jika bergandengan membentuk rantai

21. Basil (Bacillus) adalah kelompok bakteri yang berbentuk batang atau silinder, dan mempunyai variasi sebagai berikut: • Diplobacillus, jika bergandengan dua-dua • Streptobacillus, jika bergandengan membentuk rantai • Spiril (Spirilum) adalah bakteri yang berbentuk lengkung dan mempunyai variasi sebagai berikut: • Vibrio, (bentuk koma), jika lengkung kurang dari setengah lingkaran • Spiral, jika lengkung lebih dari setengah lingkaran

22. Streptococcus Diplobasil

23. Campylobacter jejuni, curved (vibrio-shaped), rod

24. BASED ON THE MOVEMENT ORGANS MONOTRIC AMFITRIC LOFOTRIC PERITRIC WHEN THE BACTERIA DON’T HAVE FLAGEL IS CALLED ATRIC

25. Berdasarkan kisaran suhu aktivitasnya, bakteri dibagi menjadi 3 golongan: • Bakteri psikrofil, yaitu bakteri yang hidup pada daerah suhu antara 0°– 30°C, dengan suhu optimum 15°C. • Bakteri mesofil, yaitu bakteri yang hidup di daerah suhu antara 15° – 55°C, dengan suhu optimum 25° – 40°C. • Bakteri termofil, yaitu bakteri yang dapat hidup di daerah suhu tinggi antara 40° – 75°C, dengan suhu optimum 50 - 65°C

26. Bacterial Reproduction & Genetic Recombination • Most bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission (chromosome replicates & then the cell divides) • Bacteria replicate (double in number) every 20 minutes under ideal conditions   • Bacteria contain much less DNA than eukaryotes • Bacterial plasmids are used in genetic engineering to carry new genes into other organisms   • Bacteria recombine genetic material in 3 ways transformation,conjugation, transduction

27. Conjugation • Sexual reproductive method • Two bacteria form aconjugation bridge or tube between them • Pilihold the bacteria together • DNA is transferred from one bacteria tothe other       

29. Transformation • Bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from other dead bacterial cells • New bacterium is genetically different from original

30. Transduction

31. Staining properties of bacteria • by Danish microbiologist, Hans Gram • Purplewith Crystal Violet & iodine; rinsed with alcohol to decolorize; then restained with Safranin • Then bacteria which become violet are called gram positive and remaining colourless bacteria called gram negative.

32. REACTIONOF CELL TO STAINING GRAM Materi Pelatihan Guru

33. Materi Pelatihan Guru

34. Compare gram + and gram -

35. Gram-positive bacteria (Gram +) • Thick layer ofpeptidoglycan(protein-sugar) complexin cell walls & singlelayer of lipids • Stain purple

36. Gram-negative bacteria (Gram -) • Cell walls have athin layer of peptidoglycan& anextra layer of lipids on the outside • Stain pink or reddish  • Lipid layer prevents the purple stain &antibiotics from entering (antibiotic resistant

37. Methods of Respiration • Obligate aerobic bacteria • Obligate anaerobes • Facultative anaerobes • Anaerobes carry on fermentation, while aerobes carry on cellular respiration

38. Methods of Nutrition • Saprobes feed on dead organic matter • Symbionts make mutually beneficial association with other organisms. Example Rhizobium in root nodules of legume plants • Parasitesfeed on a host cell • Photoautotrophsuse sunlight for energy, but get carbon from organic compounds (not CO2) to make their own food • Chemoautotrophsobtain food by oxidizing inorganic substances like sulfur, instead of using sunlight

39. THE ROLE