Nationalism vs. Sectionalism

1. Nationalism vs. Sectionalism

2. Early Foreign Policy Presidents maintained a policy of neutrality – starting with which President? However, the US wanted to trade with Europe Great Britain and France were continuing to fight each other Great Britain tried to seize US ships trading with France

3. Early Foreign Policy • Britain interfering with US trade led to the War of 1812 • Effects of the War of 1812 • Reinforced our policy of neutrality • Native Americans lost their ally, Great Britain • American manufacturing began to grow particularly in New England • Growth of US nationalism • Federalist party disappeared • New War Heroes, Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison • “Star Spangled Banner” was written

4. Early Foreign Policy • Monroe Doctrine – foundation for US foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere • Principles of the Monroe Doctrine • An end to European colonization • No intervention by Europe in the Western Hemisphere • Declared European interference was “dangerous to our peace and safety” • Promise of US noninterference in European affairs

5. The War of 1812 has been called the “Second War for American Independence” primarily because the (1) British blocked United States access to the port of New Orleans (2) United States continued to resist taxes imposed by Great Britain (3) British government had never fully respected the United States as a free nation (4) United States and Great Britain had not signed a peace treaty after the Revolutionary War

6. The main purpose of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) was to (1) stake a claim to Mexican territory (2) limit European influence in the Americas (3) force the British out of the Oregon Territory (4) establish full control over Canada

7. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) established the United States foreign policy that (1) provided foreign aid to developing nations (2) opposed the creation of new colonies in Latin America (3) led directly to the Civil War (4) encouraged expansion into East Asia

8. Factors Unifying the United States • Second two-party system • 1834 Whig Party formed to opposed Andrew Jackson’s party, the Democratic Party • The interest in the two parties increased voting and involvement in national issues • Development of a market economy • Stimulated economic growth • Led to industrialization and urbanization • Development of interstate commerce promoted a national economy – all in it together • Led to better national transportation system

9. Industrialization in the North • Transportation Revolution brought new technologies, innovations and inventions • Erie Canal • Railroads • New York City becomes financial center • Steam Power • New roads of stone and gravel

10. Factory System Work done by machines rather than by hand Gave jobs to immigrants 12 hour work days 6 days a week

11. Urbanization 9 out of 10 of the largest cities were in the north Immigrants made up the majority of the population in these cities Large gap between rich and poor Cities were unsanitary and unsafe

12. Middle Class and Working Class Life • Both men, women and children of the working class worked outside the home • Men – factories • Women - servants • Middle Class men tended to work in the new business world • Middle Class women stayed home • Middle Class children tended to attend public schools • Free African Americans in the north faced discrimination and segregation

13. Immigration Until 1850 – most immigrants came from northern and western Europe – particularly Ireland and Germany They generally settled in the north and west because of greater economic opportunity Few restrictions on immigration because labor was needed for the factories

14. Immigration Between 1845 and 1850 millions of Irish came to the US because of the Irish potato famine Germans came because of civil war back at home Nativism (anti-immigrant feelings) were so strong that a political party called the “Know Nothings” was former to support immigration restrictions

15. The majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1800 and 1860 came from (1) East Asia (2) Latin America (3) northern and western Europe (4) southern and eastern Europe

16. The Erie Canal contributed to the development of the United States by (1) eliminating the need for railroads (2) linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast (3) becoming the major trade route to California (4) allowing southern planters to ship their cotton westward

17. How did completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 affect United States commerce? (1) New York City lost business as manufacturing centers grew in the West. (2) United States exports to European countries declined. (3) Western farmers gained better access to East Coast markets. (4) The Midwest

18. During the 1830s, the development of a national two-party political system was mainly the result of (1) conflicts over the use of the Monroe Doctrine (2) debates over the National Bank and tariffs (3) disputes over the Oregon boundary (4) controversy over the Indian Removal Act

19. In the early 1800s, which factor was most important in the development of Northern manufacturing centers? (1) abundance of water power (2) availability of slave labor in the North (3) development of gold mines (4) access to passes

20. During the 1850s, Irish immigrants were often discriminated against because they (1) refused to participate in local politics (2) displaced slave labor in the South (3) arrived in the United States with great wealth (4) practiced the Roman Catholic religion

21. Southern Development South remained agricultural Population grew slowly because there was not the demand for labor that there was in the north Invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney turned cotton into the south’s most successful crop “King Cotton”

22. Effects of Cotton Stimulated the growth of slavery Spurred western migration of farmers with their slaves Cotton made up half of all US exports South dependent on north for its markets and manufactured goods

23. Early Slave Resistance • Most early resistance took the forms of escape, self-mutilation, sabotage or work slow downs • Slave revolts were uncommon but there were several notable ones • 1800 – Gabriel Prosser’s Conspiracy in Virginia • 1822 – Denmark Vessey led a revolt in South Carolina • 1831 – Nat Turner led a revolt in Virginia

24. Early Slave Resistance Revolts led southerners to pass increasingly strict laws to maintain slavery. Freeing slaves became more difficult Became illegal to teach slaves to read

25. The Age of Jackson President from 1829-1837 Jackson ran for president in 1824 and lost By the mid-1820s most states had dropped their property qualifications to vote In 1828 the number of voters was 3 times what it had been in 1824 Jackson, a war hero from the War of 1812, appealed to these new voters

26. The Age of Jackson – Spoils System Spoils System – gave government jobs to people who had worked to help their political party win the election. Practice started with Andrew Jackson 1881 – a party worker who didn’t get a job assassinated President Garfield 1883 – Pendleton Act began the civil service system

27. Civil Service System Competitive exams would be used to hire some government workers Set up a commission to administer the tests Banned the practice of forcing government employees to give money to political parties

28. Starting with the election of President Andrew Jackson (1828), voter participation increased due to the (1) passage of an amendment ending religious qualifications for voting (2) extension of suffrage to Native American Indians (3) end of property requirements for voting by many states (4) arrival of more immigrants from nations with democratic governments

29. President Andrew Jackson used the spoils system to (1) veto bills he disliked (2) enforce Supreme Court decisions (3) move Native American Indians off their traditional lands (4) provide jobs to political party supporters

30. What was a major reason that slavery expanded in the South in the first half of the 1800s? (1) Federal government regulations favored Southern exports. (2) New inventions led to an increase in cotton production. (3) Most early textile mills were built in the South. (4) The federal government encouraged the importation of enslaved persons.

31. Growing Sectionalism States’ Rights vs Federal Supremacy 1820-1865 - Debate between states and the federal government focused on nullification (ability of states to reject federal laws), protective tariffs, and slavery

32. Tariff Debate Tariff – a tax on imported goods Southern states opposed protective tariffs which would result in higher price paid for manufactured goods. They saw the northern factories as the only beneficiaries of them John C. Calhoun – Vice President Under Andrew Jackson opposed the Tariff of 1828 He argued states had the right to nullify any law the state considered unconstitutional

33. Tariff Debate 1832 – a lower tariff was passed, but South Carolina and John C. Calhoun still protested Calhoun resigned as Vice President and got South Carolina to nullify the tariff President Jackson declared the act treasonous Crisis resolved after Congress agreed to gradually lower the tariff and authorized the use of troops in South Carolina to collect the tariff. South Carolina withdrew its nullification

34. One way in which the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798) and the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832) are similar is that each (1) claimed that individual states have the right to interpret federal laws (2) formed part of the unwritten constitution (3) supported the federal government’s power to declare war (4) provided a way for new states to enter the Union

35. Most tariffs in the 19th century were intended to (1) allow access to cheap foreign imports (2) raise revenue and protect domestic manufacturing (3) redistribute wealth among the social classes (4) limit American exports

36. Relations with Native Americans • Native Americans tried a variety of strategies to cope and retain their land and culture. • The Removal Policy • Treaties Native Americans had with the United States were worthless because Native Americans were repeatedly forced to give up their land that had been guaranteed by treaties • 1830s – Andrew Jackson began his official Removal Policy that forced Native Americans to give up their land and move west of the Mississippi River.

37. Relations with Native Americans • Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court case • Cherokee tried to prevent Georgia from taking their land • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no authority over the Cherokee territory, but Georgia simply ignored the ruling • 1838 – U.S. Army rounded up the Cherokee and moved them west on a march called the Trail of Tears

38. Which Supreme Court decision is most closely associated with the Trail of Tears? (1) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (2) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) (3) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) (4) Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

39. President Andrew Jackson’s policy toward Native American Indians was created to (1) encourage Native American Indians to become part of mainstream American society (2) force Native American Indians to move west of the Mississippi River (3) improve educational opportunities for Native American Indians (4) grant citizenship to Native American\ Indians

40. The American Reform Tradition • The Second Great Awakening • A religious revival movement that emphasized self-reliance, one’s ability to affect their own future and to improve the world. • The movement called for self-improvement and to fight forced of evil. • The good citizen acts for the common good.

41. The American Reform Tradition • Public Schools • Reformers recognized if people were going to govern they needed to be educated. Horace Mann led the drive for public education in the early 19th century. Developed the system of grade levels and teacher training

42. The American Reform Tradition • Care for the Mentally and Physically Disabled • Early 1800s’ – most mentally ill were kept in prisons • Dorothea Dix worked with several states to get funding for hospitals for the mentally ill • Reformers also pushed for the creation of hospitals, orphanages, and institutions for the physically disabled

43. Abolition 1820’s – Abolitionist (anti-slavery) movement grew as cotton production became more profitable and slavery spread Activists included African Americans such as: Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman White activists: William Lloyd Garrison

44. Abolition • Underground Railroad • A series of safe houses where escaping slaves could rest safely as they made their way into Canada

45. Women’s Rights Women’s Rights movement began officially in 1848 when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which wanted to end legal inequalities faced by married women

46. Women’s Rights 1853 – Susan B. Anthony joined the women’s rights movement and there was a shift to focusing on getting women the right to vote, known as suffrage movement

47. Which 19th-century event supported the movement for women’s rights? (1) Seneca Falls Convention (2) Dred Scott decision (3) formation of the Republican Party (4) Lincoln-Douglas debates

48. Abolitionists in the pre–Civil War period were most likely to support the (1) removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia (2) passage of the Fugitive Slave Act (3) activities of the Underground Railroad (4) use of popular sovereignty in the territories

49. The Declaration of Sentiments, adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, was significant because it (1) promoted the idea of equal rights for women (2) demanded the immediate abolition of slavery (3) called for the prohibition of alcoholic beverages (4) asked government

50. Manifest Destiny • From 1802-1853, the United States expanded to its present continental boundaries • Many Americans believed in Manifest Destiny, the conviction had a divine mission: • To expand to the Pacific and even to possess the entire North American continent • To spread the ideals of freedom and democracy