Nationalism and Sectionalism

1. Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7

2. Vocabulary Turnpike National Road Erie Canal Industrial Revolution Samuel Slater Francis Cabot Lowell Eli Whitney Interchangeable parts Elias Howe Isaac Singer Samuel Morse

3. The Growing West • In 1790 the first US census showed the population at 4 million people • Most people lived East of the Appalachian Mountains • In 1820 the population more than doubled to 10 million people • About 2 million west of the Appalachian Mountains

4. I. Industry and Transportation • A. The Transportation Revolution • 1. Improving Roads • With people moving west good roads needed to be built • Private companies built turn pikes and charged tolls to help with construction costs • The first national road was approved by Congress in 1806 • Stretched from Virginia to Illinois • Congress viewed the road as a doorway to the west

5. River Travel • River travel was more comfortable than bumpy roads in wagons • Goods and people were loaded onto river barges • Two problems occurred with river travel • Rivers run north to south in the US and most people wanted to go west • Taking a river boat up stream was time consuming and difficult

6. Boats • 2. The Steamboat Goes Commercial • Steamboats started being used in the late 1700’s. • Were not strong enough to be used in strong currents or open water • Robert Fulton created a better steam boat in 1807, the Clermont • Made trip from NYC-Albany in 32 hours • Passengers were comfortable • New steamboats made shipping goods cheaper and travel faster

7. Canals • 3. Canals Boom • Steamboats could not tie east and west lands together • They depended on the canals • NYC Businessmen decided to build a canal that would connect the Great Lakes to NYC • Artificial waterway across NYC • Connecting Hudson River to Lake Erie • This made NYC the nation’s greatest commercial center

8. Erie Canal • Thousands worked on the Erie Canal • Besides digging the canal workers built locks-to raise and lower the water levels • The canal opened October 26, 1825 • Steamboats were not allowed at first • In 1840s steam boats and tugboats were later allowed to use the canal

9. More Canals The Erie Canal was such a success that more canals were built By 1850 over 3,300 miles worth of canals had been built Lowered cost of shipping Brought prosperity to the towns along routes Connected the country

10. Railroads • 4. Railroads Further Ease Transportation • The most dramatic advance in transportation in the US was the arrival of the Railroad • Horses pulled the first trains until steam was added later • Railroads cost less than canals to build and could go up and down hills with more ease • Railroads went from 13 miles of track in 1820 to 31,000 miles by 1860 • Slowed down canal growth • Trains were faster and stronger

11. B. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth • Definition of 'Industrial Revolution' • A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution, beginning in Great Britain, quickly spread throughout the world. This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power (i.e., steam ships and railroads) and had a massive effect on social, cultural and economic conditions.

12. Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1700’s • Great Britain banned the exportation of machinery and emigration of knowledgeable workers • 1. Samuel Slater broke the rules • Built America’s first water-powered textile mill • Used family system to work the mill

13. Factories In America • 2. Lowell Builds Fully Operational Mill • Francis Cabot Lowell began another textile mill and moved away from the family system • Young women lived and worked at the mill producing all areas of cloth manufacturing not just thread production • Most girls worked for years left the mills when they got married

14. Effects of Industry • 3. Factory Work Changes Lives • Urbanization • Nature of work changed • Allowed many unskilled workers to work in different areas of production • Cheaper method for factory owners because unskilled labor costs less • Workers received a pay check (cash) • Role of Women Changed • Shoes and clothing industries developed out of textile mills • Less expensive goods began to be offered for sale • The Middle Class Emerged

15. C. Inventions Transform Industry and Agriculture • 1. New methods of Production • Interchangeable Parts were introduced to increase efficiency of machines • Eli Whitney introduced the idea of interchangeable parts and allowed items to be manufactured cheaper • Important inventions of the time were the cotton gin—invented by Eli Whitney • The cotton gin quickly separates the cotton fibers from the boll and seeds • and the sewing machine—invented by Elias Howe and improved by Isaac Singer • Textile mills, the cotton gin and the sewing machine all helped make cotton a dominant crop

16. 2. Innovation Quickens Communication • 1837 Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph • Morse code—a series of electrical pulses, dots and dashes, messages could be delivered almost instantly

17. 3. Agriculture Remains Strong • Despite the growth in manufacturing, agriculture remained the largest industry • More productive—larger crops • More crops making it to market • 1815, farmers were able to sell about 1/3 or their harvest • 1860, that share had double to 2/3 • Advances in fertilizer technology • Advances in farming methods—planting, tending, harvesting • John Deere Tractors

18. Checking Comprehension • Why did railroad construction end canal building? • Railroads cost less to build and could scale hills more easily than canals. Trains also carried heavier cargo than canal boats. • How did turnpikes, canals and railroads affect the way people in different states interacted? • People in different states were more connected and unified. Improved travel allowed Americans to access new markets and improved trade between states.

19. Checking Comprehension • In your own words, define Industrial Revolution • The large scale introduction of machines to do the work and artisan used to do by hand • How did Slater and Lowell contribute to industry in the United States? • Slater built the nation’s first textile mill which produced cotton thread. Lowell built the nation’s first mill in which all operations in the manufacture of cloth were performed

20. Checking Comprehension • What was Eli Whitney’s main contribution to manufacturing? • Interchangeable parts • How did interchangeable parts affect the lives of artisans who made products by hand? • Artisans may have faced unemployment, reduced wages due to increased competition, and even an end to their way of life