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Key Concepts in Chemistry: Trends, Reactivity, and Nomenclature

Explore fundamental Chemistry concepts like periodic trends, functional groups, reaction mechanisms, and nomenclature. Understand key principles such as electronegativity, steric hindrance, collision theory, and isomerism. Learn about major reactions like SN1, SN2, E1, and E2. Access valuable resources for a comprehensive grasp of essential Chemistry topics.

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Key Concepts in Chemistry: Trends, Reactivity, and Nomenclature

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  1. Organic I Review Major Concepts & Reactions

  2. Major Concepts • Functional Groups • Trends in the Periodic Table • Electronegativity • Radius • Energy & Stability • Electron Repulsion (VSEPR) • Sharing the Burden • Collision Theory • Steric Hindrance

  3. Major Concepts Cont. • Ea vs. Collision (Rate of Reactions) • Physical Properties • Intermolecular Forces (IMF) • Molecular Weight (MW) • Symmetry • Isomers (Stereochemistry) • Resonance • IUPAC Nomenclature

  4. Functional Groups • Alkane R-H • Alkene RC=CR • Alkyne RC=CR • Haloalkane R-X • Alcohol R-OH • Ether R-O-R • Amine R-NH2

  5. Functional Groups Carbonyl Group • Aldehyde RCHO • Ketone RCOR • Carboxylic Acid RCOOH • Ester RCOOR • Amide RCONH2

  6. Trends in the Periodic Table Source: http://cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/FG10_11.JPG

  7. Trends in the Periodic Table • Electronegativity • Across the Table: Increases due to increase protons in nucleus • Down the Table: Decreases due to increase in radius • Radius • Across the Table: Decreases due to increase in electronegativity • Down the Table: Increase due to added Shells

  8. Energy & Stability Inverse Relationship: As potential energy increases molecular stability decreases. Energy Diagram Review

  9. Electron Repulsion (VSEPR) • Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion • Subcategories • Angle Strain (Ring Strain) • Crowding • Torisonal Strain

  10. Electron Repulsion (VSEPR) Angle Strain (Ring Strain)

  11. Electron Repulsion (VSEPR) • Crowding

  12. Electron Repulsion (VSEPR) Torisonal Strain

  13. Electron Repulsion (VSEPR) • Describes (Examples) • Molecular Geometry • Barrier to free rotation around a single bond • Stability of Ring Structures • Relative Cis-Trans Stability

  14. Sharing the Burden The more the molecule can spread out the burden (Charge, Pi electrons, free radical, etc.) the more stable the molecule will be.

  15. Collision Theory For a Reaction to occur molecules must: • Collide with each other • Collide with enough energy to overcome Energy of Activation (Ea) • Collide with the proper orientation

  16. Steric Hindrance Physical Barrier preventing collisions from occurring thus reactions.

  17. Ea vs. Collision (Rate of Reactions) • Based on Collision Theory • Total energy available for reaction determines products • Example: Sn2 vs. E2 • Ea Favors Sn2 (Relatively Low Energy) • Collisions Favors E2 (Relatively High Energy)

  18. Physical Properties • Physical Properties of Interest • Boiling Point (BP) • Melting Point (MP) • Density • Water Solubility

  19. Physical Properties • Factors • Intermolecular Forces (IMF) • Hydrogen Bond (H-Bond) • Dipole Bond • Dispersion Forces • Molecular Weight (MW) • Symmetry

  20. Isomers • Different compounds with the same molecular formula • Constitutional (Structural) • Isomers whose atoms have a different connectivity • Stereoisomers • Isomers that have the same connectivity but that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space

  21. StereochemistryEnantiomers Stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other

  22. StereochemistryDiastereomers Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

  23. Resonance Source: http://web.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/tutorials/resonance/draw_res_str.html

  24. IUPAC Nomenclature Basic Steps: • Identify longest continuous chain with highest order functional group. This is the base structure and is named according to number of carbons in the chain. • Number chain giving highest order functional group lowest number possible. • Identify the root. (Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne). Label accordingly.

  25. IUPAC Nomenclature Basic Steps: • Identify side chains and substitute groups. Label and number accordingly. • Place side chains and substitute in alphabetical order.

  26. Major Reactions • Substitution • SN1 (Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular) • SN2 (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular) • Elimination • E1 (Elimination Unimolecular) • E2 (Elimination Bimolecular)

  27. SN1

  28. SN2

  29. E1

  30. E2

  31. Summary of Reactions

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