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Review for Organic II

Review for Organic II. Valance Shell. The Valance Shell is the outermost shell which contains at least one electron. In this example the 2s is the valance shell. 1s Orbital. p Orbitals. sp3 Orbitals of Carbon (C).

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Review for Organic II

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  1. Review for Organic II

  2. Valance Shell • The Valance Shell is the outermost shell which contains at least one electron. • In this example the 2s is the valance shell.

  3. 1s Orbital

  4. p Orbitals

  5. sp3 Orbitals of Carbon (C) • Normally you have 1s orbital and 3p orbitals. However in the case of Carbon (C) the S and P orbitals merge to form the sp3 orbitals.

  6. What is Electronegativity? • Electronegativity is the desire of an atom to gain an additional electron to fill its octet or the strength of the atom to pull electrons. • The higher number the stronger the electronegativity. • Largest electronegativity: F = 4.0, Cl = 3.5, O = 3.5, N = 3.0, Br = 2.8, C = 2.5

  7. Ionic Bonds • Ionic Bonds are where an electron is donated to another atom. This creates two charged species. These charged atoms or molecules are normally free in solution but are held together when solid by electrostatic attractions.

  8. Covalent Bond • Describes the sharing of electrons between two atoms. There are two different types of covalent bonds. • Nonpolar covalent bonds is defined as the even distribution of electrons between 2 atoms. • Polar covalent bonds is defined as the uneven distribution of electrons between two atoms.

  9. Polar Covalent Bonds • Describes the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond. • This makes the oxygen considered partially negative because the electrons around it more. The carbon is considered partially positive because the shared electrons are mainly around the oxygen.

  10. Basic Carbon Structures: Carbon

  11. Naming Carbons Skeletons Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane • 1 (Carbon) Meth- • 2 (Carbons) Eth- • 3 (Carbons) Prop- • 4 (Carbons) But- • 5 (Carbons) Pent- • 6 (Carbons) Hex- • 7 (Carbons) Hept- • 8 (Carbons) Oct- • 9 (Carbons) Non- • 10 (Carbons) Dec-

  12. Basic Carbon Structures: Oxygen

  13. Basic Carbon Structures: Carboxyl

  14. Basic Carbon Structures: Nitrogen

  15. Basic Carbon Structures: Sulfur

  16. Common Functional Groups

  17. Kinds of Reactions • Addition Reactions • Elimination Reactions • Substitution Reactions • Rearrangement Reactions

  18. Unsymmetrical Bond Breaking • Unsymmetrical bond breaking - split bonds and gives both electrons to one atom. The most electronegative atom receives the both electrons.

  19. Symmetrical Bond Breaking • Symmetrical bond breaking - split bonds and gives an electron to both atoms. The normally occurs when the electronegativity of the bond is the same.

  20. Transitional State • The transitional state represents the highest energy structure in this step of the reaction.

  21. Reactions of Alkenes

  22. Chirality • If an object has a plane of symmetry it is necessarily the same as its mirror image • The lack of a plane of symmetry is called “handedness”, chirality • Hands, gloves are prime examples of chiral object • They have a “left” and a “right” version

  23. The SN2 Reaction

  24. Stereochemistry of SN1 Reaction • The planar intermediate should lead to loss of chirality • A free carbocation is achiral • Product should be racemic

  25. Basic Carbon Structures: Alkane

  26. Basic Carbon Structure: Alkene

  27. Basic Carbon Structure: Alkyne

  28. Basic Carbon Structure: Alcohol

  29. Basic Carbon Structure: Ether

  30. Basic Carbon Structure: Carboxyl Carboxyl is found in a number of functional groups. It is reactive and is often used in organic reactions.

  31. Basic Carbon Structure: Aldehyde

  32. Basic Carbon Structure: Ketone

  33. Basic Carbon Structure: Carboxylic Acid

  34. Basic Carbon Structure: Ester

  35. Basic Carbon Structure: Amine

  36. Basic Carbon Structure: Imine

  37. Basic Carbon Structure: Nitrile

  38. Basic Carbon Structure: Nitro

  39. Basic Carbon Structure: Amide

  40. Basic Carbon Structure: Sulfide

  41. Basic Carbon Structure: Sulfoxide

  42. Basic Carbon Structure: Sulfone

  43. Basic Carbon Structure: Thiol

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