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The Origins of Writing 1

The Origins of Writing 1.  Greek Cadmus  Chinese 1. Cang Jie ( 倉頡 ) 2. markings on turtle shell  Babylonian god Nebo.

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The Origins of Writing 1

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  1. The Origins of Writing 1  Greek Cadmus  Chinese 1. Cang Jie ( 倉頡 ) 2. markings on turtle shell  Babylonian god Nebo Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 541.

  2. The Origins of Writing 2  Egyptian god Thoth  Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiba Alphabet existed before humans created  Hindu tradition goddess Saraswati invented it Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 430-431.

  3. Altamira, SpainCave Painting Site Retrieved from the Internet.

  4. The Origins of Writing David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 196.

  5. Types of Writing Systems  Logographic  Syllabary  Alphabetic  Mixed systems

  6. Types and Evolution of Writing Pictogram Picture of the original object Ideogram Represents ideas / concepts Logogram Represents words / morphemes Syllabary Represents syllables Consonantal Represents consonants Alphabet Full Alphabet Represents phonemes Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 541-547.

  7. Native American Pictograms

  8. Syllabary—Japanese Katakana Retrieved from the Internet.

  9. Greek Alphabet Α α Alpha Β β Beta Γ γ Gamma Δ δ Delta Ε ε Epsilon Ζ ζ Zeta Η η Eta Θ θ Theta Ι ι Iota Κ κ Kappa Λ λ Lambda Μ μ Mu Ν ν Nu Ξ ξ Xi Ο ο Omicron Π π Pi Ρ ρ Rho Σ σ ς Sigma Τ τ Tau Υ υ Upsilon Φ φ Phi Χ χ Chi Ψ ψ Psi Ω ω Omega Wikipedia. Greek Alphabet.

  10. Arabic Consonantal Alphabet ا‎ ’alif ب‎ bā’ ت‎ tā’ ث‎ ṯā’ ج‎ ǧīm ح‎ ḥā’ خ ḫā’ د‎ dāl ذ‎ ḏāl ر‎ rā’ ز‎ zāy س sīn ش šīn ص ṣād ض‎ ḍād ط‎ ṭā’ ظ‎ ẓā’ ع‎ ‘ayn غ‎ ġayn ف‎ fā’ ق‎ qāf ك‎ kāf ل‎ lām م‎ mīm ن‎ nūn ه‎ hā’ و‎ wāw ي‎/ى yā’ Wikipedia. Arabic Alphabet.

  11. 六 書 象形 形聲 指事 會意 轉注 假借 David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 200.

  12. Modern Logograms 1 2 3 4 5 # $ % & ¥ < > = × ÷ + √ ∞ ∴ ≠ ≦ π ∘ ♀ ♂ H O Fe Au Ag

  13. Advantages / Disadvantages of Each Type of System  Logography Icons  Syllabary  Alphabet

  14. Advantages / Disadvantages of Logographs – Lots of ROTE memorization (for pronunciation) + Usable across dialects + Can be quite stable over time + Quick recognition

  15. Advantages / Disadvantages of a Syllabary – Not practical for language with many different kinds of syllables + Practical for language with limited number of syllables: Japanese, etc.

  16. Advantages / Disadvantages of an Alphabet – Consonantal Alphabets lead to ambiguity in reading and writing – Could cause problems if SPELLING ceases to fit pronunciation – Different dialects of the same language might require different spellings + Phonetic Principle easiest to learn and use

  17. 六種構造條例解說Wikipedia 象形 屬於「獨體造字法」。用文字的線條或筆畫,把要表達物體的外形特徵,具體地勾畫出來。例如「月」字像一彎明月的形狀,「龜」字像一隻龜的側面形狀,「馬」字就是一匹有馬鬣、有四腿的馬,「魚」是一尾有魚頭、魚身、魚尾的游魚,「鳥」則是一隻側有豐羽、下有肢爪的飛鳥,「艸」(草的本字)是兩束草,「門」字就是左右兩扇門的形狀。而「日」字就像一個圓形,中間有一點,很像我們在直視太陽時,所看到的形態。 象形字來自於圖畫文字,但是圖畫性質減弱,象徵性質增強,它是一種最原始的造字方法。它的侷限性較大,因為有些事物是畫不出來的。

  18. 六種構造條例解說Wikipedia 形聲 屬於「合體造字法」。形聲字由兩部份組成:形旁(又稱「義符」)和聲旁(又稱「音符」)。形旁是指示字的意思或類屬,聲旁則表示字的相同或相近發音。例如「葉」字,形旁是「艸」,表示它是植物,聲旁是「枼」,表示它的發音與「枼」字相近;「籃」字形旁是「竹」,表示它是竹製物品,聲旁是「監」,表示它的發音與「監」字相近;「齒」字的下方是形旁,畫出了上下兩排牙齒的形狀,上方的「止」是聲旁,表示這個字的相近讀音;「雞」則是右方形旁從「隹」(短尾鳥),左方聲旁從「奚」來發音之鳥禽類;「麵」左方形旁是「麥」,指其原料為小麥,右方聲旁從「面」,表示發音與「面」相近;「發」左下的形旁為「弓」字,表示與弓有關,字意是指以弓將矢發出,右上的聲旁為「癹」來表示它的讀音。

  19. 六種構造條例解說Wikipedia 指事 屬於「獨體造字法」。與象形的主要分別,是指事字含有繪畫較抽像中的東西。例如「刃」字是在「刀」的鋒利處加上一點,以作標示;「凶」字則是在陷阱處加上交叉符號;「上」、「下」二字則是在主體「一」的上方或下方畫上標示符號;「三」則由三橫來表示。這些字的勾畫,都有較抽象的部份。

  20. 六種構造條例解說Wikipedia 會意 屬於「合體造字法」。會意字由兩個或多個獨體字組成,以所組成的字形或字義,合併起來,表達此字的意思。例如「酒」字,以釀酒的瓦瓶「酉」和液體「水」合起來,表達字義;「解」字的剖拆字義,是以用「刀」把「牛」和「角」分開來字達;「鳴」指鳥的叫聲,於是用「口」和「鳥」組成而成。 有部分漢字,會同時兼有會意和形聲的特點。例如「功」字,既可視為以「力」和「工」會意,而「工」亦有聲旁的特點;「返」字,既可視為以「反」和「辵」(解作行走,變形作「辶」)會意,而「反」亦有聲旁的特點。這類字稱為會意兼形聲字。

  21. 六種構造條例解說Wikipedia 轉注 屬於「用字法」。各說文家解釋不同。大致有「形轉」「音轉」「義轉」三說。江聲認爲所謂「建類一首」是指部首,「考」和「老」同屬老部。戴震認爲轉注就是互訓,《說文解字》「考」字下說「老也」,「老」字下說「考也」,「轉相為注,互相為訓」的例子。 不同地區因為發音有不同,以及地域上的隔閡,以至對同樣的事物會有不同的稱呼。當這兩個字是用來表達相同的東西,詞義一樣時,它們會有相同的部首或部件。例如「考」、「老」二字,本義都是長者;「顛」、「頂」二字,本義都是頭頂;「竅」、「空」二字,本義都是孔。這些字有著相同的部首(或部件)及解析,讀音上也是有音轉的關係。

  22. 六種構造條例解說Wikipedia 假借 假借就是同音替代。口語裏有的詞語,沒有相應的文字對應。於是就找一個和它發音相同的同音字來表示他的含義。例如「自」本來是「鼻」的象形字,後來借作「自己」的「自」。 有人會把通假字與六書中的假借字相混,詳見通假字條目之解說。

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