MICROBES FOR RECLAMATION OF BARREN LAND

1. MICROBES FOR RECLAMATION OF BARREN LAND BY EKTA NARWAL M.SC.III SEM MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

2. What is barren land? • Barren land is the land which is unfertile, unproductive, or it may be said that barren land is the land which is unable to support plant growth. In general, Barren Land has thin soil, sand, or rocks. Barren lands include deserts, dry salt flats, beaches, sand dunes, exposed rock, strip mines, quaries, and gravel pits

3. Barren land in India Within the land mass of India, mainly the land areas of Rajasthan, parts of Jammu, Leh, and parts where snowfall prevent any cultivation are barren. According to satellite imageries, 6.5% of total area is under barren land.

4. Factors responsible for the formation of barren land Deforestation Soil erosion Industrialization Flood irrigation Chemical pesticides Overgrazing

5. Turning a Barren Land Fertile! Fertile land Barren land

6. LAND RECLAMATION Land reclamation is the process of converting barren land into fertile land able to support the growth of plants. Microbes for reclamation of barren land Rhizobium sp. Azotobacter sp. Azospirillum sp. Blue green algae Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorhiza(VAM) Vermicomposting Phosphate solubilising microorganisms(PSM)

7. Rhizobium sp. Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium forms an endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia. Rhizobium bacteria colonized on clover root hairs

8. Azotobacter sp. Azotobacter colonies . Azotobacter is a genus of usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria. They are aerobic, free-living soil microbes which play an important role in the nitroge cycle in nature.

9. Azospirillum sp. Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum is a gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occurs free-living in the soil or associated with the roots of cereal crops or grasses.The bacteria of Genus Azospirillum are  N2 fixing organisms.

10. Cyanobacteria Nostoc Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria, and Cyanophyta) is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation.

11. PHOSPHATE SOLUBILISING MICROORGANISMS Phosphate solubilising bacteria(rod shaped)solubilising non-soluble phosphate(bright white) Phosphate solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) are a group of beneficial bacteria capable of hydrolysing organic and inorganic phosphorus from insoluble compounds. e.g. Bacillus polymyxa,Pseudomonas putida, VAM

12. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza • Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) and arbuscular mycorrhizas are mutualistic symbioses formed between the roots of most plants. mycorrhizal fungi enhance phosphorus uptake of their host plants and that their presence is more prevalent in roots in low P soils. These mycorrhizas also increase the uptake of other mineral nutrients.,for e.g. P, Cu and Zn. Arbuscule Vesicles

13. Vermiculture Vermiculture Vermicompost is the product or process of composting utilizing various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. Vermicast, similarly known as worm castings, worm humus or worm manure, is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by a species of earthworm.

14. BIOREMEDIATION Bioremediation is the use of microorganism metabolism to remove pollutants. Technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site, while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere.

15. REFERENCES • A Textbook of Biotecnology: B. D. Singh, Kalyani Publications. • Soil Microbiology: M. S. Subba Rao, Oxford and IBH Publishing House CO. PRIVATE LTD. • www.goggle.com

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