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RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN. Oleh: Drs. Sumani. M.M. Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni IKIP PGRI Madiun.

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RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

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  1. RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Oleh: Drs. Sumani. M.M. Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni IKIP PGRI Madiun

  2. SARANA PEMECCAHAN MASALAH PENELITIAN (NEED TO KNOW) APA SARANA PEMECAHAN MASALAH ITU? ASESMEN (NEED TO PROGRESS) EVALUASI (NEED TO CHOOCE) PENGEMBANGAN (NEED TO DO)

  3. SARANA PEMECAHAN MASALAH BATASAN PROSES HASIL Upaya sistematik menemukan/ mengembangkan pength yg benar Aplikasi berpi- kir ilmiah Pengetahuan yang benar PENELITIAN Upaya sistematik melihat efektivitas & efisiensi program Aplikasi berpi- kir sistematik operasional Keputusan efektivitas & efisiensi program EVALUASI Upaya sistematik menghasilkan produk pemecah- an masalah Aplikasi teori, prinsip, & pro- sedur, aktivitas pemecahan masalah Produk prose- dur pemecah- an masalah PENGEM BANGAN

  4. Bagaimana Pendekatan, Asumsi, Karakteristik Penelitian? • Asumsi • Hukum Keteraturan • Kebenaran berdasarkan • empirik • Determinisme universal • Asumsi • Realitas bersifat ganda • Peneliti & fenomena • berinteraksi • Fenomena saling • berpengaruh • Tidak bebas nilai • Karakteristik • Lebih ke kuantitatif • Lebih ke Kualitatif • Seimbang keduanya Pendekatan Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif KuantiLatif Karakteristik Karakteristik Karakteristik • Latar semi • Kombinasi • Bersifat unik • Statistik/Induktif • Latar Alami • Proses Lebih Penting • Bersifat Deskriptif • Analisis Induktif • Makna Hasil Esensi • Eksperimen & Noneksperimen • Replikasi • Analisis Statistik • Metodologi Jelas

  5. Pengelompokan Temuan Penelitian Berpikir rasional Berpikir empirik Penelitian Temuan • Perian Fenomena • Pemetaan • Penamaan • Identifikasi • Klasifikasi • Hubungan Fenomena • Menjelaskan • Meramalkan • Mengendalikan

  6. Artikel ilmiah Poster Paten Peraturan Standar Sertifikasi Akreditasi Prototipe Sistem Informasi Modul Pelatihan Desain Buku Teks Peta/Foto Alat Peraga Barang/Bahan PRODUK PENELITIAN

  7. THE DEFINITION OF RESEARCH: • CERTAIN KEY TERMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH: Inquiry, Knowledge, Hypothesis, Information, Classification, Analysis, Interpretation, Structured Investigation, Understanding, Problem, Prove, Theory, Evaluation, Asking Questions, Analyzing Data, Scientific Method, Insight, Prove/Disprove, Characterize Phenomena, Uncover, Satisfy Inquiry, Solution.

  8. The Terms, taken together, suggest thatRESEARCHis a process of formulating questions, problems, or hypotheses; collecting data or evidence relevant to these questions/problems/hypotheses; and analyzing or interpreting these data. • The minimal definition: RESEARCHis a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: (1) a question, problem, or hypothesis, (2) data, (3) analysis and interpretation of data.

  9. RESEARCHis a systematic attempt to provide answer to question (Bruce W. Tuckman). RISET adalah suatu usaha sistematis yang bertujuan menyediakan informasi untuk memecahkan masalah (Cooper & Emory, 1995). RISET adalah proses pengumpulan, pencatatan dan analisis data yang sistematik dan objektif untuk membantu pembuatan keputusan (Zigmund, 1994)

  10. RESEARCH adalah investigasi terhadap fenomena empirik yang dilakukan secara sistematis, terkendali, dan kritis berdasarkan teori dan hipotesis yang menunjukkan adanya hubungan antar fenomena (Kerlinger, 1986) Tiga Hal Penting untuk Memahami Riset: 1. Riset merupakan proses yang berbasis masalah dengan objek suatu fenomena empiris. 2. Proses riset dilakukan secara sistematis, terorganisasi, terkendali dan kritis. 3. Tujuan riset menyajikan informasi untuk menjawab suatu masalah yang spesifik.

  11. ILMU DAN METODE ILMIAH MANUSIA MENCARI KEBENARAN KODRAT/FIRAH MANUSIA MEMILIKI HASRAT INGIN TAHU & DAYA NALAR/AKAL Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan: Ini apa? Itu apa? Mengapa begini? Mengapa begitu? Bagaimana hal ini terjadi? dst.

  12. Manusia melakukan berbagai upaya Menemukan jawaban / mendapatkan kebenaran PENDEKATAN NON ILMIAH ILMIAH

  13. PENDEKATAN NON ILMIAH ILMIAH • Akal Sehat/Prasangka • Intuitif (Naluri) • Penemuan kebetulan (Takdir) • Penemuan Coba-coba (Trial and Error) • Otoritas/Wibawa • Wahyu: Kebenaran Agama (Azasi) • Penelitian Ilmiah yang dibangun atas teori: • Skeptik • Analitik • Kritik

  14. PENDEKATAN ILMIAH SISTEMATIK, TERKONTROL Berdasarkan Fakta/Realita DAPAT DIPERTANGGUNGJAWABKAN & DIUJI KEBENARANNYA

  15. SISTEMATIS (Mengikuti prosedur yang jelas) Penelitian Sistematis bila mempunyai langkah-langkah sbb: • Mengidentifikasi Masalah. • Menghubungkan Masalah dengan Teori. • Mengumpulkan Data. • Menganalisis & Menginterpretasi Data. • Membuat Kesimpulan.

  16. Penelitian terkontrol apabila: • Terencana pada setiap langkahnya. • Variabel diidentifikasi dan dipilih. • Instrumen dibuat secara hati-hati. • Kesimpulan dibuat berdasarkan data • Rekomendasi dibuat berdasarkan hasil dan kesimpulan. TERKONTROL

  17. PURPOSIVENESS: Ada pernyataan mengenai tujuan riset yang jelas. • RIGOROUS: Dilaksanakan berdasarkan teori yang baik dan menggunakan metode-metode riset secara teliti dan tepat. RIGOR (Carefulness, Scrupulousness, and Exact). • TESTABILITY: Menguji hipotesis secara logis untuk mengetahui apakah data yang dikumpulkan mendukung hipotesis yang dikembangkan. KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

  18. REPLICABILITY: Hasil uji hipotesis harus didukung oleh riset-riset berikutnya yang diulang dengan kondisi lain yang kurang lebih sama. • PRECISSION AND CONFIDENCE:Presisi: Ketepatan hasil riset dengan realita, Keyakinan: Akurasi hasil riset sehingga estimasi peneliti benar. • OBJECTIVITY: Kesimpulan yang ditarik dari hasil analisis data harus obyektif berdasarkan fakta/data yang sesungguhnya (obyektif/tidak Subyektif). KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

  19. KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH • GENERALIZABILITY: Hasil riset dapat diterapkan pada cakupan (scope) yang lebih luas. • PARSIMONY: Menjelaskan fenomena atau masalah yang terjadi dan pemecahannya secara sederhana tetapi mempertimbangkan faktor yang tidak terkendali (Simple but Powerful)

  20. Manfaat Penelitian • Membantu memperoleh pengetahuan Baru. • Memperoleh jawaban atas suatu pertanyaan. • Memberikan pemecahan atas suatu masalah. • Mengorganisasikan dan mengkategorikan sesuatu.

  21. 5. Memprediksi kejadian/keadaan yang akan datang. 6. Menjelaskan kejadian/keadaan di masa lalu. 7. Menemukan penyebab dari suatu kejadian. 8. Mengkontrol suatu kejadian. 9. Menyusun suatu kebijakan. 10. Menyusun strategi pengembangan.

  22. JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN

  23. JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN

  24. KINDS OF RESEARCH BASED ON PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS Operational research Operational research Historical research Correlational research Descriptive research KINDS OF RESEARCH Causal-Comparative or ex-post facto Developmental research True experimental research Quasi experimental research Case & Field research Classroom Action research Classroom Action research Source: Isaac & Michael,1989

  25. RESEARCH DESAIGN BASED ON THE PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS • Historical Research • Descriptive Research • Developmental Research • Case and Field Research • Correlational Research • Causal Comparative Research • True Experimental Research • Quasy Experimental Research • Action Research

  26. RESEARCH DESAIGN BASED ON THE PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS • Historical: To reconstruct the past objectivey and accurately, by collecting, evaluating, veryfying, and synthesizing evidence to establish facts and reach defensible conclusion, often in relation to particular hypothesis. • Example: A Study reconstructing practices in the teaching of spelling in the United State during the past fifty years.

  27. 2. Descriptive: To describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually and accurately. Example: A Community survey to establish the needs for a vocational education program. 3. Developmental: To investigate patterns and sequence of growth and/or change as a function of time. Example: A longitudinal growth study following an initial sample of 200 children from six months of age to adulthood..

  28. 4.Case and Field:To study intensively the background, current status, and environtmental interaction of a given social unit: an individual or group, institution or community. Example: An intensive study of the “Inner city” culture and living condition in a large metropolitan environtment. 5.Correlational: To investigate the extent to which variation in one factor correspond with variations in one or more other factors based on correlation coefficients. Example: An study investigating the relationship between grade point average as the criterion variable and a number of other variables of interest..

  29. 6.Causal Comparative: To investigate possible cause and effect relationships by observing some existing consquence and searching back through the data for plausible casual factors. Example: (1)A study to identify factors related to the “drop out” problem in particular high school using data from records over the past ten years; (2)A study to investigate similarities and differences between such group as smokers and nonsmoker, readers and nonreaders, or delinquents and non delinquents, using data file.

  30. 7.True Exsperimental: To investigate possible cause and effect relationships by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment condition and comparing the results for both of them. Example: (1)A study to investigate the effectiveness of three methods of teaching reading to first grade children using random assingments; (2)A study to investigate the effect of a specific tranquilizing drug on the learning behavior of boys identified as “hyperactive”.

  31. 8.Quasy Exsperimental: To investigate the coditions of the true experiment in setting which does not allow the control and/or manipulation of all relevant variables. Example: A study to investigate the effects of spaced versus massed practice in the memorizing of vocabulary lists in the four high school foreign language classes without being able to assign students to the treatment at random to supervise closely their practice periods.

  32. 9.Action: To develop new skills or new approaches and to solve problems with direct application to the classroom or other applied setting. Example: An in-service training program to help train counselors to work more effectively with minority group children.

  33. Desain Penelitian Penelitian Eksperimen Penelitian Pengembangan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Bagaimana Penetapan Desain Penelitian? Masalah Variabel

  34. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE • Advocates use of qualitative methods. • Concerned with understanding human behavior from the actor’s own frame of reference. • Naturalistic and uncontrolled observation. • Subjective. •   Close to the data: the “Insider” perspective. QUANTITATIVE • Advocates use of quantitative methods. • Seek facts or causes of social phenomena without regard to the subjective states of the individuals. • Obstructive and controlled measurement. • Objective. • Removed from the data: the “Outsider” perspective. 

  35. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH • QUALITATIVE • Grounded, discovery -oriented, exploratory, expansionist, descriptive, and inductive. • Process-oriented. • Valid: “real”, “rich”, and“deep” data. • Assumed a dynamic reality. QUANTITATIVE • Ungrounded, verification-oriented, confirmatory, reductionist, inferential, and hypothetical deductive. • Outcome-oriented. • Reliable: “hard” and “Replicable” data. • Assumed a stable reality.

  36. PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE • Dari segi perspektifnya: Menggunakan pendekatan emik. • Dari konsep dan teori: Mengembangkan, menciptakan, menemukan konsep/teori. • Dari Hipotesisnya: Bisa menggunakan bisa tidak. • Dari teknik pengumpulan data: mengutamakan wawancara & observasi QUANTITATIVE • Menggunakan pendekatan etik (Tetapkan konsep dulu) • bertolak dari konsep (variabel), teori, menguji teori. • Merumuskan hipotesis sejak awal. • Mengutamakan kuesioner.

  37. PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE • Masalah/Tujuan: Menanyakan tentang makna (berupa konsep). • Jumlah sampel: Didasarkan atas pencapaian kualitas informasi. • Alur pikir penarikan kesimpulan: Induktif. • Bentuk sajian data: Kata-kata. • Definisi operasional: Tak diperlukan QUANTITATIVE • Menanyakan tingkat pengaruh, kekeratan korelasi, asosiasi antar variabel atau kadar variabel. • Didasarkan atas representasi populasi & ditentukan sebelum data terkumpul. • Deduktif. • Angka/Tabel. • Diperlukan.

  38. PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE • Analisis Data: dilakukan sejak awal turun ke lokasi. • Instrumen: Peneliti itu sendiri. • Kesimpulan: Dilakukan dengan pengecekan dan kesepakatan dengan subyek penelitian. QUANTITATIVE • Setelah data terkumpul dan menggunakan statistik. • Angket, kuesioner, dokumen. • DiLakukan oleh peneliti sendiri berdasar hasil perhitungan statistik.

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