PERIODIZATION

1. PERIODIZATION

2. What does periodization mean? What is its root word? 1

3. DEFINITION OF PERIODIZATION Periodization is a system of organizing historical information by dividing time into periods using specific bases. 2

4. TIME Time is an essential element in the study of history. Why? 3

5. APPLICATIONto Philippine History How is the history of the Philippines commonly divided into periods?

6. BASES OF PERIODIZATION: • according to the beginning of writing a. Prehistoric Period b. Historic Period 4

7. 2. according to geologic time ERA PERIOD EPOCH 5

8. The Origin of Species 1859

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13. 5

14. MESOZOIC PERIOD 225-65 myaContinents and Plates220 mya – Pangaea & Panthalassa200 mya – Gondwanaland & Laurasia135 mya - Land masses began to divide.120 mya – Divisions became the different continents.

16. The scene of history is continuously moving land masses.Notice in the left column the names of distinct land masses that no longer exist.The red dot represents the location of the Grand Canyon. India 550 Million Years Ago 130 Million Years Ago Pangaea South America 220 Million Years Ago 65 Million Years Ago Laurasia Gondwanaland Today 190 Million Years Ago

17. PHILIPPINE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY (Readers Digest Encyclopedia) 135- 25 myaCretaceous - Paleocene - appearance of the early forms of life in the Philippines (marsupials, insectivores, flesh-eating carnivorous marine organisms) - fossils and rocks (Ilocos Norte, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Cebu, Palawan, Samar and Mindoro)

18. Land Formation in the Philippines • According to Jocano: It was during the Tertiary period (specifically during the Eocene and Oligocene period) that the basic land structure of the Philippines was defined

19. 25 -2 myaThe Neogene • mountain building process (Balabac Island in the Palawan Archipelago, Cagayan, and Central Luzon) - geologic transformation of the country

20. Cenozoic Era Late Tertiary Period Eocene, Oligocene & Miocene Epochs (33 – 5 mya) During this period, about half of the lands of the Philippines was submerged and sedimentation brought about Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Agusan and Davao Valley.

22. 3. According to Tool Technology • Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) • Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) – (Europocentric term) • Neolithic ( New Stone Age) • Age of Pottery • Metal Age 7

23. PHILIPPINE CULTURAL BREAKTHROUGH 250,000 before the present - 200 A.D. “ Man responded to the challenges of mother nature; the teeming life forms constantly challenged his curiosity and creativity and the awe-inspiring mysteries of the archipelago that surrounded him marked the development of his cultural world.” Samuel Tan

24. CULTURE • Root word: Colere (to cultivate) • Patterns of human acts & symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance • Manifested in music, literature, lifestyle, food, painting, sculpture, theatre and film

25. CULTURE Culture is anything that man learns or acquires by experience as he goes through the process of development.

28. Philippine : Paleolithic Age 30,500 Before the Present (BP) Lifestyle: Primitive communalism Means of Acquiring Food: * Hunting * Gathering

29. Tabon Caves in Palawan • [named after the Tabon bird, which laid eggs in the caves] • * Tabon Man = earliest appearance of man in the Philippines • (22-23 thousand years old) • * Discovered by a National Museum team headed by the late • Dr. Robert B. Fox (American anthropologist) • * evidence = human fossils of perhaps 3 individuals +skull cap of a young female (?) +2 fragments of jaw bones + some teeth

30. Tabon Man’s skull(on display at the Palawan Museum, Puerto Princesa)

31. Tabon Caves Deepest soil deposit = 50,000 years old Youngest soil deposit = 10,000 years old This shows that the caves were used continuously for 40,000 years by peoples who used the same kind of tools. .

32. Tabon Cave tools • The way the tools were made was exactly the same as those found in the Cagayan Valley, at least 700,000 years earlier. • But one difference was that the tools in the Tabon Cave were smaller, perhaps because their prey were bats and birds found in the cave. • National Commission for Culture and the Arts

33. Tabon Man’s use of fire • Earliest evidence for the use of fire in the Philippines = 30,000 years B.C. • (from carbon sample, based on carbon-14 date)

34. Philippines: Neolithic Age 6000- 500 BP New Means of Acquiring Food: * Planting/Agriculture (Food Production) * Domestication of Animals The above were economic breakthroughs which eventually led to Social Stratification

35. Philippines: Pottery Age1500 BP • Manunggul Caves in Palawan • Manunggul jars • Pottery rituals • (Arku Cave and Lana site from Otley Beyer)

36. Manunggul jar found in the a Manunggul Cave of Palawan.

37. Arku Cave in Cagayan Valley Arku Cave of Peñablanca in Cagayan Valley, is a prehistoric cave located at the foothills of Sierra Madre. Found in the site were human fossils together with pottery, spindle whorls, jade earrings, bark cloth beater, bone tools and others which dated from 2200 B.C.E. to 50 B.C.E. A widespread practice showing a belief in afterlife, the early Filipinos put valuable things in the burial so that their deceased relatives could utilize the tools in their next existence.

38. Philippines: Metal Age 800-250 BP Isabela - Chisels and adze Ifugao – Trapezoidal adze Bataan & Pampanga – Basconian adze

39. Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries  The anthropomorphic secondary burial jars from Pinol, Maitum, Saranggani Province in Mindanao date back to the Metal Age.  The site had been dated to 830 +/-60 B.P. (calibrated date of A.D. 70 to 370) and 1920 +/- 50 B.P. (cal. date of 5 B.C.  to A.D. 225).   The radiocarbon dates were obtained from the soot samples taken from the small earthenware vessel found inside one of the anthropomorphic burial jar.  These burial jars are made of earthenware designed and formed like human figures with complete facial characteristics.  These were associated with metal implements; glass beads and bracelets; shell spoon, scoop, bracelets and pendants; earthenware potteries with incised designs and cut-out foot-rings; non-anthropomorphic burial jars. • Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to animal or non-living things, phenomena, etc.

40. 4. According to the Christian Calendar * BC - Before Christ * AD – Anno Domini (In the year of our Lord)

41. BCE: Before Common EraCE : Common Era • B.C.E is an abbreviation for 'Before Common Era‘ It is a non-religious alternative to the use of B.C. (Before Christ)  in designating the first period of the Gregorian Calendar, the era of prehistory and much of antiquity. • C.E. - a replacement for  A.D. (Anno Domini, The Year Of Our Lord ) This replaces B.C., Before Christ.

42. 5. According to the rise and fall of civilizations Ancient Medieval Modern Age Post Modern

43. Summary: Geologic Time 5000

44. Summary: Tool Technology

45. Concepts * Decade - a period of 10 years ( e.g., 2001-2010) * Century - a period of 100 years (2001-2100) e.g. - According to the Gregorian Calendar: 1st century = January 1, 1 - December 31, 100 AD 2nd century = 101 – 200 AD 3rd century = 201 – 300 AD * Millennium - a period of 1000 years (2001-3000)

46. Ancient Philippines: (Jared Diamond)

47. Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond and Samuel K Tan)

48. Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond)

49. Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond & Samuel Tan)

50. Contacts with Other Asians * Indians 800 BC, 2nd-5th c. AD examples: 1. Prof. Otley Beyer presents archeological evidences from Novaliches to support this 2. Dr. Jocano mentions the Gold Image of Agusan : Gem Room of Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago (See p.140, Jocano) * Arabs 9th- 15th c AD * Chinese 7th c AD, 10th- 15th c. AD