Biology

1. Biology Ch. 18 Review

2. Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms • are going extinct. • are very numerous and diverse. • are too much alike. • share too many derived characters.

3. The study of organisms requires the use of • only large, general categories of organisms. • only small, specific categories of organisms. • both large and small categories of organisms. • no categories of organisms.

4. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally accepted name in the system known as • traditional classification. • the three domains. • binomial nomenclature. • cladistics.

5. For many species, there are often regional differences in their • common names. • scientific names. • taxa. • binomial nomenclature.

6. In taxonomy, a group at any level of organization is referred to as a • cladogram. • binomial. • taxon. • system.

7. Scientists have identified and named • all living species. • all living and extinct species. • all extinct species. • a fraction of all species.

8. In the scientific version of a species name, which of the terms is capitalized? • the first term only • the second term only • both the first and second terms • neither the first nor the second term

9. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same • class. • family. • genus. • species.

10. How do binomial, or two-part, names compare with early versions of scientific names? • They are longer. • They are shorter. • They are completely descriptive. • They are in English.

11. The second part of a scientific name is unique to each • order in its class. • family in its order. • genus in its family. • species in its genus.

12. Often, the second part of a scientific name is • a Latinized description of a particular trait. • the same as for other members of the same genus. • capitalized if it derives from a proper name. • different in different locations.

13. Before Linnaeus, scientific names were problematic because they were • too brief to be descriptive. • very long and difficult to standardize. • written only in Greek. • written only in Latin.

14. In Linnaeus’s system of classification, how many taxonomic categories were there? • one • three • five • seven

15. A genus is composed of a number of related • kingdoms. • phyla. • orders. • species.

16. Several different classes make up a • kingdom. • phylum. • family. • genus.

17. Which two kingdoms did Linnaeus recognize? • bacteria and animals • plants and fungi • plants and animals • protists and animals

18. Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class • Amphibia. • Mammalia. • Aves. • Reptilia.

19. The most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system is • the phylum. • the kingdom. • the genus. • the domain.

20. Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily • extinct organisms. • RNA similarities. • DNA similarities. • general similarities in appearance.

21. Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar because of • convergent evolution. • molecular clocks. • mutations. • reclassification.

22. The procedure of grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history is called • traditional classification. • binomial nomenclature. • derived characters. • evolutionary classification.

23. In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should • be more similar to each other than they are to other species. • not be similar in appearance. • be limited to species that can interbreed. • have identical genes.

24. What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derived characters appeared in organisms? • cladistic analysis • traditional classification • taxonomy • anatomy

25. In biology, an evolutionary innovation is also referred to as a • derived character. • taxonomic group. • molecular clock. • physical similarity.

26. What do scientists consider when they perform a cladistic analysis? • only the DNA of organisms • all traits of organisms • derived characters • only physical similarities

27. An analysis of derived characters is used to generate a • family tree based on external appearance. • family tree based on DNA structure. • cladogram. • traditional classification system.

28. What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms? • the relative importance of each derived character • the order in which derived characters evolved • the general fitness of the organisms analyzed • all traits of each organism analyzed

29. Similar genes are evidence of • binomial nomenclature. • mutations. • common ancestry. • different anatomy.

30. What do all organisms have in common? • They use DNA and RNA to pass on information. • They are all prokaryotes. • They are all eukaryotes. • They are genetically identical.

31. What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and a yeast? • They are not related at all. • Their degree of relatedness cannot be evaluated. • Their degree of relatedness can be determined from their genes. • They can interbreed and thus are the same species.

32. Scientists have found that humans and yeasts • have similar genes for the assembly of certain proteins. • share all aspects of cellular structure. • have nothing in common. • cannot be evaluated for degree of relatedness.

33. What does the presence of similar genes in very dissimilar organisms imply? • The genes were produced by different selection pressures. • The organisms share a common ancestor. • The organisms do not share a common ancestor. • The genes became identical through mutation.

34. What is the main idea behind the model of a molecular clock? • that neutral mutations accumulate at a steady rate • that certain traits are under the pressure of natural selection • that segments of DNA can be compared with segments of RNA • that phenotypes, not genotypes, are affected by natural selection

35. All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are • multicellular organisms. • photosynthetic organisms. • eukaryotes. • prokaryotes.

36. Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin? • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

37. What kingdoms composed the three-kingdom classification system used by scientists in the late 1800s? • animals, plants, fungi • animals, plants, bacteria • animals, fungi, protists • animals, plants, protists

38. Which of the kingdoms in the six-kingdom system of classification was once grouped with plants? • Animalia • Carnivores • Fungi • Protista

39. Some scientists propose that the kingdom Protista should be broken up into several kingdoms. Which of these statements accurately supports this idea? • Protists are all very similar and easy to confuse. • Protista contains very diverse organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms. • Protists are the most numerous organisms on Earth. • Protista evolved before any other kingdom.

40. The domain that corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria is • Archaea. • Bacteria. • Eukarya. • Fungi.

41. The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is • Eubacteria. • Eukarya. • Archaea. • Bacteria.

42. The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are • Eubacteria and Archaea. • Eukarya and Bacteria. • Archaea and Bacteria. • Archaea and Eukarya.

43. The three-domain system arose when scientists grouped organisms according to how long they have been • alive in their present forms. • going extinct. • evolving independently. • using DNA to store information.

44. The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two groups of • prokaryotes. • eukaryotes. • protists. • multicellular organisms.

45. Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom called • Animalia. • Fungi. • Monera. • Eukarya.

46. What is thought to be true about the three domains of living things? • They diverged from a common ancestor fairly recently. • They diverged from a common ancestor before the evolution of the main groups of eukaryotes. • They did not have a common ancestor. • Domains Bacteria and Archaea evolved after the main groups of eukaryotes.

47. An organism may have different common names that vary from area to area and language to language. • True • False

48. Scientists try to organize living things into groups that have economic significance. • True • False

49. In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. • True • False

50. In the name Ursus maritimus, the first term of the name refers to the species. • True • False