Consider the present nature of global population structure and the ease of mobility

1. Consider the present nature of global population structure and the ease of mobility

2. An introduction to migration and migration modelling

3. What is Migration • Your thoughts, definition? • Migration: The movement of persons from one country or locality to another. • There are two main types of migration • Internal migration: Within ones country • External Migration: Between countries • Record these in your book with New Zealand examples of each

4. Types of Migration • Scale: Regional National International • Cause: Forced or Voluntarily • Area: Rural to Urban, poor economy to wealthy

5. Who Migrates • Most people move within their own country. • Internal migration is expected to be four times that of external migration in New Zealand • 214 million international migrants worldwide • 3.1% of the worlds population are migrants • The number of migrants per international population has remained relatively stable • How do we monitor migration in New Zealand • Internal and External

6. Why migrate • Economic opportunities • Education opportunities • Environmental pressures • Political displacement • War and conflict • Crowding • What two factor model describes these reasons for migrating

7. Models or Theories of Migration • Gravity model • Theory of intervening opportunities • Stepwise migration model • Lees push pull model

8. The Gravity Model • Used to measure the interaction between two locations where migration is proportional to population size and distance between locations • The model assumes several factors. • The further away two locations are the less migration occurs between them and vice versa • The larger a population the greater the attraction • Discuss an example of where this situation may be relevant

9. The Gravity Model • This model is limited in that the only resistance to migration is distance. Is this relevant in present society?

10. A development on the Gravity ModelThe Theory of Intervening Opportunities • "The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities.“ • Similar to gravity model however population volume as an attraction is replaced with opportunities and distance no longer becomes the limiting factor

11. Stepwise Migration Model • Theory that migration occurs in a series of stages • Typically from areas of low development to areas of high development • Theory that as you move you move “up” • What factors may influence stepwise migration • Record a definition and provide an example

12. Lees Push-Pull Model • A refinement on simple push-pull factors • Takes into account that origin and destinations have both push pull factors • Also considers obstacles which deter migration • This model is commonly used in current population studies • Copy the model and describe Lees Push-Pull Model

13. Push-Pull Model • Recognises factors which drives people from one source and attracts them to another. • Sort the following factors into push and pull factors • Add some examples of your own Unemployment, hazards, political security, friends and family, economic opportunities, fertile land, lack of services, improved weather, isolation, war, extreme natural events, poverty, employment opportunities

14. Lees Push-Pull Model • Case study: You are a Christchurch resident following the earthquakes consider any possible push or pull factors and obstacles which may inhibit migration. • Record these in your textbook

15. A development of understandings • As people have populated the world there has been a greater understanding of migration • Population theories have evolved • Current method of investigation primarily involves Lees Push Pull Model

16. Homework • Read: “Mumbai – City of Dreams” • Complete the migration model for Mumbi • Have at least 5 different push and 5 different pull factors • eg no employment and employment opportunities is only one factor