Brazil

1. Brazil By Mateusz Popiel

2. Physical map

3. Mountains List of mountains in Brazil: • Pico daNeblina (shared with Venezuela) - 2.994 m • Pico de Março - 2.973 m • Pico daBandeira- 2.892 m • Pico do Cruzeiro - 2.861 m • Monte Roraima (shared with Venezuela and Guiana) - 2.810 m • Pico Pedrada Mina - 2.798 m • Pico das Agulhas Negras - 2.792 m • Pico do Cristal - 2.770 m • Pico do Calçado - 2.766 m • Pico dadesposito - 2.688 m • Sugar Loaf Mountain

4. Rivers • Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers. The most impressive river system is that of the Amazon and its tributaries, ranked the largest in the world based on the volume of water it drains. The Amazon is the world’s second longest river, after the Nile in Egypt. Its major tributary, the Tocantins, joins the Amazon near its mouth. The second largest river basin in Brazil is that of the Paraná, which flows south between Argentina and Uruguay to empty into the Río de la Plata estuary. It drains much of the Southeast, South, and Center-West. The principal river of the eastern plateau region, the São Francisco, flows north through the highlands in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia before turning east and entering the Atlantic. The remainder of the country is drained by a series of smaller and shorter rivers along the Atlantic seaboard. • The Amazon is navigable to oceangoing ships as far as Iquitos, in Peru, and its major tributaries are suitable for inland navigation. Parts of the São Francisco and Paraná are also navigable. However, except in the case of the Amazon, river transport is relatively unimportant in Brazil. The rivers are more important as sources of hydroelectricity, which Brazil depends on for economic development because the country is short of solid fuel.

5. Brazilian Desert Country • In Brazil there is no typical deserts, but 150 to 200 miles inland, the lush Brazilian coastal band has turned into what is called the Sertao. It means dryland, and is famous for some of the most devestating droughts on earth

6. Lakes and ocean • Most of Brazil’s large lakes are created by dams constructed to produce hydroelectric power or to provide water for irrigation. The largest lakes are Sobradinho, on the São Francisco; Tucuruí, on the Tocantins; Balbina, on the Amazon; and Furnas, on the Paraná. The São Francisco is also used for irrigation, and there are a number of reservoirs in the Northeast that provide irrigation and drinking water during the dry season and drought years • Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of over 7,367 kilometres

7. Pico de Neblina – highest point • The Brazilian Highlands and plateaus generally average less than 4000 feet (1220 meters) but the highest point in Brazil is Pico de Neblina at 9888 feet (3014 meters). It rises into the clouds above the rain forest of northern Brazil. Situated along the border with Venezuela, the mountain is part of the Guiana Highlands

8. Political map

9. Surrounding countries Brazil is bounded by: • Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana to the north, • Colombia to the northwest, • Peru, Bolivia and Paraguay to the west, • Argentina to the southwest, • Uruguay to the south • Atlantic Ocean to the east

10. States Politically, Brazil is a Federation of twenty-six states (estados) and one federal district (Distrito Federal). The states are subdivided into municipalities

11. It is the fifth-largest country by geographical area in the world and the biggest in the continent - 3,287,597 sq mi - covering nearly half (47.3 percent) the South American landmass

12. Major cities (by population): • Sao Paulo – 10,009,000 • Rio de Janeiro – 5,613,000 • Salvador – 2,331,000 • Belo Horizonte – 2,154,000 • Fortaleza – 2,139,000 • Brasilia (capitol city) – 2,016,000 • Curitiba – 1,618,000 • Recife – 1,388,000 • Porto Alegre – 1,321,000 • Manaus – 1,285,000

13. People

14. People - population • fifth most populous country in the world • the fourth most populous democracy in the world • The most populous country at the continent • Population of 183,888,841 (estimate - in 2007) • Brazil population is predominantly young: 62% of Brazilians are under 29 years of age.

15. Life expectancy • Life expectancy for Brazil bases on 2007 ressources is 72.24 years. It change by + 0.38 % compare to 2006. It rankedBrazil as 110 country in the world based on life expectancy. • Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.24 years • male: 68.3 years • female: 76.38 years (2007 est.)

16. Average income • Brazil average family income per year is $2,930 • Brazilian monetary unit – real(R)

17. Literacy rate: 88.6% (2004 est.) Books of very famous Brazilian writer – Paulo Coelho

18. Ethnic background • The ethnic grouping of the population is broken downas 55% white; 38% mulatto or mixed; 6% Afro-Brazilian; 1% other. However, many light skinned people of mixed origin are considered as white. • Brazil is a racially mixed country in which the majority of people have ancestors in more than one of the three main groups: white Europeans (mostly Portuguese); black Africans (mainly from the west of the continent); and the original indigenous Indian population. In the first half of the 20th century, as a consequence of war and economic pressures, sizeable contingents of immigrants came to Brazil from various parts of western, central and eastern Europe. The first 500 or so immigrants from Japan arrived in Brazil in 1908, to be followed by another quarter of a million over the next sixty years. Brazil contains the largest number of people of Japanese ancestry outside Japan. • It is estimated that there are approximately 200 Indian tribes with less than 250,000 Indians. • About three-quarters of the population live in cities. While the wealthier city dwellers enjoy modern conveniences and a fair standard of living, many of the poor Brazilians live in crowded city slums called favelas.

19. Languages • The official language is Portuguese which is nearly spoken by all Brazilians except the AmerIndians whose main languages are Tupi, Ge, Garib, Arawak and Nambicuara. English and French are spoken as second languages. • Portugal flag

20. Climate • Although 90 percent of the country is within the tropical zone, Brazil has five climatic regions. They are referred to in different manners, but generally fall into the following categories: Amazonia, Atlantic Rain Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and the Pantanal. • Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The Amazon region is notoriously humid, with high rainfall. The Amazon basin also has a three- to five-month dry season. Between 130 and 250 rainy days a year depending on where in the basin you may be. • The semiarid Northeast is the driest part of the country, and there have been severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil during the dry season between May and November. • The Center-West has significant rainfall during the year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year, while the South and most of the Atlantic coast as far north as Salvador, Bahia, in the Northeast, have similar amounts of rainfall without a distinct dry season.

21. Economy • Brazil’s economy is among the ten biggest in the world. It is smaller than the six major industrialized economies – the US, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy. It is the second largest economy in the Americas after the United States, with Canada, Mexico and Argentina occupying third, fourth and fifth place respectively. It is the second largest economy in the developing world after China. Its 170 million people have a per capita income of around US$ 4,000 per year. Vast disparities remain, however, in the country's distribution of land and wealth. Roughly one third of the workforce is involved in agriculture.

22. Industry • Brazil has vast mineral wealth, including iron ore, quartz, chrome ore, manganese, industrial diamonds, gem stones, gold, nickel, tin, bauxite, uranium, and platinum. The leading manufacturing industries produce textiles, chemicals, shoes, food products, steel, motor vehicles, ships, and machinery. Most of Brazil's electricity comes from hydroelectric power.

23. Agriculture • In 1999, 17.3% of Brazil's economically active population worked in agriculture, down from 23.3% in 1990. Total arable and permanent crop area comprises 65.3 million hectares (161 million acres). Although agriculture's share of exports has declined relative to industrial goods, the value has continued to increase, so that Brazil in 1977 became the world's second-largest exporter of agricultural products. Except for grain (particularly wheat), of which some seven million tons had to be imported in 2001, Brazil is virtually self-sufficient in food. The growth rates for agriculture as a whole averaged 2.8% during 1980–1990, and 3.2% for 1990–2000. By 1999, agricultural production was 20.2% higher than during 1989–91. In 2000, agriculture accounted for 7% of the total GDP. Export crops are significant—in addition to the traditional exports of coffee and cocoa, Brazil is also a major exporter of soybeans and orange juice. In 1999, Brazil ranked fourth in the production of cocoa beans (after Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia) at 206,000 tons, or 7.1% of the world's cocoa bean production. In recent years, however, production has been devastated by the effects of the witches-broom fungus.

24. Imports • Brazil's top three import partners are: the U.S.A., Argentina, and Germany. The country mainly imports mineral fuels & oils, machinery and electrical & electronic equipment.

25. Major export products include: • aircraft • Coffee • Automobiles • soybean • iron ore • orange juice • steel • ethanol • textiles • footwear • corned beef • electrical equipment

26. History • Little remains of Brazil’s prehistoric inhabitants with few clues for archaeologist to follow. Brazilian history begins in 1500 when the Portuguese Pedro Alvares Cabral landed after having his ships blown off course. In 1531 the first settlers arrived. It is estimated that when the colonists arrived there were over 3 million Indians in over 1,000 tribes. Currently there are approximately 200 tribes with less than 250,000 Indians. • African slaves were brought to work on the sugarcane plantations. By the time slavery was abolished in 1888, nearly 3.6 million Africans had been brought to Brazil. • In Minas Gerais gold was discovered late in the 17th century. For part of the 18th century Brazil became the world’s largest gold producer. By 1750 the gold boom was in decline. • When Napoleon's forces invaded Portugal in 1807, the king of Portugal, John VI, fled to Brazil, and on his arrival, Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1821 the king returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro behind as Viceroy Regent of Brazil. On Sept. 7, 1822, he proclaimed the independence of Brazil, and he became Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil. • In 1889, one year after slavery was abolished, a military coup ended the monarchy and the republic was born. As the demand for rubber increased in 1890, a rubber boom began bringing great wealth to the Amazonian cities of Belem and Manaus. When rubber plantations in Southeast Asia started to yield rubber from seeds smuggled out of the Amazon, the price of latex crashed and the bottom fell out of the Brazilian rubber boom. • In 1930 the old republic was overthrown by a movement headed by Getúlio Vargas with the intent to reform the electoral and political system. Varas remained President for the next 15 years when he resigned, only to be re-elected in 1951. However, in 1954 he was implicated in an attempt to assassinate a journalist and killed himself. • In March 1964 the military overthrew the President leading to 21 years of military rule. In 1985 after nationwide demonstrations, direct presidential elections were held. Unfortunately, the winner suffered from heart failure and died before he could assume the presidency. His vice-president assumed power. • In October 2002, LuizInácio Lula da Silva, a former metal worker and trade unionist, was elected president of Brazil.

27. Native Americans • The Amerindians make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Centre-Western part of the country. On 18 January 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.

28. Colonization • In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1822, when Brazil became independent from Portugal. • During the over 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, the economic exploitation of the territory was based first on brazilwood extraction (16th century), sugar production (16th-18th centuries), and finally on gold mining (18th century). Slaves, specially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force. • In contrast to the neighbouring Spanish possessions, the Portuguese colony in Latin America kept its territorial and linguistic integrity after the independence, giving rise to the largest country in the region.

29. Independence • As a result of the Napoleonic occupation of Portugal, the Portuguese royal family, the Braganzas, went into exile in Brazil, the most important of the Portuguese colonies. What followed was a period when Brazil actually became the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarve, a whole new status, and enjoyed self-government under the Braganza dynasty, with no reference to the authorities in Lisbon. This nurtured a distaste for the idea of returning to status quo ante upon the overthrow of Napoleon's influence over Portugal. Therefore, Brazil came to be independent of Portugal, albeit under the rule of a member of the Portuguese royal family. • After its independence from the Portuguese on September 7, 1822, Brazil became a monarchy, the Empire of Brazil, which lasted until the establishment of the republican government on November 15, 1889. Two emperors occupied the throne in that period: Pedro I, from 1822 to 1831; and Pedro II, from 1831 to 1889. Also, King João VI of Portugal held the title of Emperor of Brazil as stipulated by the treaty recognizing Brazilian independence.

30. International relations • Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America.However, social and economic problems prevent it from becoming an effective global power. Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power. Brazilian foreign policy has generally reflected multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries. The Brazilian Constitution also determines the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.

31. With United States • The United States and Brazil have enjoyed generally close relations for 200 years. At the height of the Cold War, a coup ousted a Brazilian government thought to be hostile to the United States. American involvement in the event is suspected but unproven. The two countries currently cooperate on trade issues, HIV/AIDS efforts, regional concerns, and the international peacekeeping operation in Haiti.

32. Wars involving Brazil • Portugal-Brazil independence war • Argentina-Brazil War • Contestado War • Pernambucan Revolt • War of the Farrapos • War of the Triple Alliance • World War II

33. Other important Brazilian history events • In 1889, one year after slavery was abolished, a military coup ended the monarchy and the republic was born. As the demand for rubber increased in 1890, a rubber boom began bringing great wealth to the Amazonian cities of Belem and Manaus. When rubber plantations in Southeast Asia started to yield rubber from seeds smuggled out of the Amazon, the price of latex crashed and the bottom fell out of the Brazilian rubber boom. • In 1930 the old republic was overthrown by a movement headed by Getúlio Vargas with the intent to reform the electoral and political system. Varas remained President for the next 15 years when he resigned, only to be re-elected in 1951. However, in 1954 he was implicated in an attempt to assassinate a journalist and killed himself. • In March 1964 the military overthrew the President leading to 21 years of military rule. In 1985 after nationwide demonstrations, direct presidential elections were held. Unfortunately, the winner suffered from heart failure and died before he could assume the presidency. His vice-president assumed power.

34. Type of Government • Brazil is Presidential Federal multiparty republic. The Brazilian Federation is based on the indissoluble association of three autonomous political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District. A fourth entity originated in the aforementioned association - the Union. There is no hierarchy among the political entities. The Federation is set on six fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of the people, social value of labor, freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite division of power, encompassing the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary branches under the checks and balances system, is formally established by the Constitution.The Executive and Legislative are organized independently in all four political entities, while the Judiciary is organized only in the Federal and State levels.

35. Current leader • LuizInácio Lula da Silva, born LuizInácioda Silvaon October 27, 1945, popularly known as Lula, is the current President of Brazil, and a founding member of the Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores). Lula was elected to the post in October 27, 2002 with 61% of the votes (run-off), and took office on January 1, 2003. He was elected on the same ticket as his vice-president, José Alencar. On October 29, 2006, Lula was re-elected with more than 60% of the votes, extending his position as President until January 1, 2011.

36. Official flag • The flag of Brazil has a green field on which a large yellow rhombus is centered. A blue circle is placed within the rhombus, with white stars of five different sizes and a curved white band running through it. The motto Ordem e Progresso ("Order and Progress") is inscribed in capital letters (of the same shade of green as the field) inside the band. • This flag is sometimes called Auriverde which means "(of) gold and green". The next-to-last stanza of Castro Alves' NavioNegreiro is one example. • The modern flag was officially adopted on November 19, 1889. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos and Manuel Pereira Reis. The design was executed by DécioVilares. • The current national flag and ensign maintains the same design with some minor changes. This 27-star version was adopted on May 12, 1992 (Law 8.421, May 11, 1992).

37. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro • Carnival in Rio has been called the world's most famous party. A million tourists join millions of Rio de Janeiro citizens ("cariocas") in enthusiastic revelry spanning several days.

38. Maracana stadium • The EstádioJornalistaMárioFilho, commonly called Estádio do Maracanã ("Maracanã stadium"), in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is one of the largest football stadiums in the world.

39. Copacabana beach • Copacabana Beach is one of the world’s most famous beaches. Located right in the heart of Rio de Janeiro, it is also one of the most lively beaches in the world with thousands of visitors flocking to its 4-kilometre (2.5-mile) stretch of sand every year.

40. Canarinhos • Brazil national sport team are often called Canarinhos. Canarinho, meaning Little Canary, a phrase that was popularized by the late cartoonist Fernando Pieruccetti during the 1950 World Cup. It refers also to the national’s flag colours.

41. Football • The Brazil national football team is managed by the CBF and represents Brazil in international football competitions. They are the most successful national football team in the history of the World Cup, with five championships (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002). A common quip about football is: "The English invented it, the Brazilians perfected it.“ Currently ranked number two by FIFA, Brazil is consistently among the strongest football nations in the world and is the only team to have played in every World Cup. Football is Brazilian national sport.

42. National anthem • The melody of the Brazilian national anthem (from Portuguese: Hino NacionalBrasileiro) was composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva in 1822 and had been given at least two sets of lyrics before a decree of 1922 gave it the definitive lyrics, by JoaquimOsório Duque Estrada, after several changes were made to his proposal, written in 1909. In style, the music resembles early Romantic Italian music such as that of GioacchinoRossini

43. Famous Brazilian (my subjective choice): • Adriana Lima – supermodel • Pele – football player • Ronaldo – football player • Ronaldinho – football player • Kaka – football player • Gisel - supermodel • Felippe Massa – F1 driver • Giba – volleyball player • Paolo Coelho - writer

44. Capoeira • Capoeirais an Afro-Brazilian blend of martial art, game, and culture created by enslaved Africans in Brazil during the 16th Century. Participants form a roda (circle) and take turns playing instruments, singing, and sparring in pairs in the center of the circle. The game is marked by fluid acrobatic play, feints, subterfuge, and extensive use of groundwork, as well as sweeps, kicks, and headbutts. Throughout the game, a player must avoid a sweep, trip, kick, or head butt that may knock him or her on the floor

45. Pele • Edison Arantes do Nascimento, KBE (born October 23, 1940 in TrêsCorações, Brazil), best known by his nickname Pelé, is a former Brazilian football player, rated by many as the greatest footballer of all time. He was given the title of Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee and jointly received FIFA Player of the Century chosen by officials at the organisation, shared with Diego Maradona who won the people's vote

46. Main resources • www.wikipedia.org • http://www.fita.org/countries/brazil.html • http://www.indexmundi.com/brazil/ • http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/brazil.html • http://www.mapsofworld.com/brazil/index.html • http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/brazil.htm • http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107357.html