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Western Nationalism

Explore the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the impact of World War I on the region, the rise of nationalism, and the eventual partition of the Middle East. This includes the Balfour Declaration, the reforms in Turkey and Iran, and the Palestinian Arab revolt.

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Western Nationalism

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  1. Western Nationalism Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu Asian Civilization

  2. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire • The Ottoman Empire, which had been steadily declining since the late 1700s, finally ended after World War I. • The Ottoman Empire began to decline in the 1800s, with Greece winning its independence. • Many ethnic Turks wanted a Turkish state that would encompass all people of Turkish nationality. A group called Young Turks wanted to depose Abdülhamīd II.

  3. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire • With the help of T.E. Lawrence and Great Britain, Arabia achieved its independence from Ottoman rule. • When the Christian Armenians began pushing for independence, the Ottoman government responded by killing Armenian men and expelling women and children from the empire.

  4. The Ottoman Empire in WW1

  5. Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire • The Ottoman Turks led a policy of ethnic cleansing,orgenocide, against the Christian Armenians, killing an estimated 1 million people. • The Ottoman Empire collapsed toward the end of World War I. Great Britain and France made plans to divide the Ottoman territories in the Middle East. • Turkey remained under Ottoman control until Mustafa Kemal organized an elected government and a new Republic of Turkey.

  6. British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of anational home for the Jewish people Sir Arthur James BalfourBr. Foreign Secretary

  7. Zionism • GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine. • Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Theodore Herzl1860-1904

  8. The Middle East in 1914

  9. “New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge! • Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan. • Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions]. • The House of Saud  put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia. • The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran. • Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

  10. Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk”(1881-1938)

  11. Ataturk’s Reform Program • Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara. • Secularism  Qur’an in Turkish translation. • Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss civil code. • Westernization & nationalism: • Compulsory, secular education. • Banning the fez. • Western [Roman] script. • Western clothing. • Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.

  12. Kemal died not seeing the fruits of his labor • Allied with USA when the Allied Forces were winning • Pres. Harry Truman aided Turkey • Foreign control in Turkey which led to several coups • Turkey suffered inflation, poverty and employment thus Western nations aided Turkey

  13. Iran (Persia) Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu Asian Civilization

  14. Rezah Khan (1877-1944) • an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921. • declared himself SHAH in1925. • created the Pahlavi Dynasty. • ruled from 1925-1941. • initiated some modern reforms. • forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

  15. Reforms in Iran • Secularization  seizure of religious lands. • Adoption of the French civilcode. • Built the Trans-IranianRailroad. • Improved education.

  16. Iran during the war • Refused to ally with the Allied thus led him being dethroned • Replaced by Mohammed Rezah Pahlavi but was challenged by a nationalist official, Mohammed Mossadegh • Western nations supported thus the shah was restored • Improved education.

  17. The Iranian Revolution • Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi • Secularized Iran (made it non-religious.) • Stepped away from Islamic traditions. • Friendly with the West (United States) • The Islamic Revolution - 1979 • Muslims believed that their religious beliefs and laws should be strictly followed. • Ayatollah Ruhbollah Khomeini gains control of Iran. • Returns Iran to Islamic rule. • Gets rid of Western influence.

  18. Shah Mohammad • Reza Pahlavi Ayatollah Khomeini 

  19. Iranians Protest the Shah

  20. The British in Palestine (1919-1947)

  21. Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

  22. Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 • In 1920, there was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine. • By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

  23. British Mandate in PalestineCreatedJuly, 1922

  24. Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System • First one founded in 1908. • Communal living. • “Make the DesertBloom!”

  25. Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 Their Goals: • An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. • An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners. • A new “generalrepresentative government.” The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

  26. The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

  27. Hitler’s“FinalSolution” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

  28. The Nazi Holocaust • 6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

  29. U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

  30. Israel Becomes a Nation:May 14, 1948 Chaim Weizmann,1st President David Ben-Gurion,1st Prime Minister

  31. War Begins!: May 15, 1948

  32. Arab Refugees, 1948 The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

  33. Armistice Signed, 1949

  34. II. Effects of creation of Israel A. Palestinians became refugees in other countries throughout the middle east.

  35. According to the map, what was one result of the creation of Israel? Map of Palestinian Refugees

  36. B. Terrorism is a constant threat in Israel

  37. C. Israel Puts up a wall around Palestinian areas to prevent terrorist from moving into Israeli areas

  38. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Creation of Israel (1947) • United Nations decided to partition Palestine between Jews and Palestinians. • Jewish state = Israel. • Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia & Syria declare war on Israel. • The Suez Crisis (1956) • Egypt gains control of the Suez Canal. • Israel (w/ Britain & France) fight for control of the canal. • Outside pressure to stop the war. • The Six-Day War (1967) • Israel strikes Middle Eastern airfields. • Arabs backed by the Soviets. • 15,000 Arabs dead. • Yom Kippur War (1973) • Joint Arab attack on Jewish holy day. • Creates a truce after a few weeks.

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